Interaction of Moraxella catarrhalis with epithelial cells, extracellular matrix proteins and the complement system

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to surface proteins of  Moraxella catarrhalis  and their ability to interact with epithelial cells via cell-associated fibronectin and laminin, and also to their ability to inhibit the complement system. These surface proteins are useful in the preparation of vaccines. The present disclosure also provides peptides interacting with fibronectin, laminin and the complement system.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/314,727, filed on Dec. 8, 2011 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,323,667 which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/063,408, filed on Feb. 8, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,092,811 which is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/SE2006/000931, filed on Aug. 8, 2006, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/706,745, filed on Aug. 10, 2005, and of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/707,148, filed on Aug. 11, 2005. All five applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A computer readable copy of the Sequence Listing (ASCII copy) is submitted concurrently herewith to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office via EPS-Web as part of a file created on Aug. 3, 2011, named Aug201112063408.txt, and being 199,367 bytes in size.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to Moraxella catarrhalis and their ability to interact with epithelial cells via extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin and laminin, and also to their ability to inhibit the complement system. The interaction with these extracellular proteins is useful in the preparation of vaccines.

BACKGROUND ART

The ability to bind epithelial cells is of great importance for several bacterial species. For example, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes possess fibronectin binding proteins (FnBP) with related sequence organization. These FnBP are known as Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules (MSCRAMMs). They exploit the modular structure of fibronectin forming extended tandem beta-zippers in its binding to fibronectin. [27, 39, 47, 73] The function is to mediate bacterial adhesion and invasion of host cells.

The important mucosal pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis is the third leading bacterial cause of acute otitis media in children after Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.[14, 40, 55] M. catarrhalis is also one of the most common inhabitants of the pharynx of healthy children.

Furthermore, M. catarrhalis is also a common cause of sinusitis and lower respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). [74] The success of this species in patients with COPD is probably related in part to its large repertoire of adhesins.

Recent years focus of research has been on the outer membrane proteins and their interactions with the human host.[6, 46, 56] Some of these outer membrane proteins appear to have adhesive functions including amongst others, catarrhalis IgD binding protein (MID, also designated Hag), protein CD, M. catarrhalis adherence protein (McaP) and the ubiquitous surface proteins (Usp).[1, 22, 33, 48, 61, 81, 84]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the fact that M. catarrhalis has been found to be such a leading cause of infections in the upper and lower airways, there is a current need to develop vaccines which can be used against M. catarrhalis.

The aim of the present invention has therefore been to find out in which way M. catarrhalis interacts with epithelial cells in the body and affects the immune system. In this way, substances that can act as vaccines against M. catarrhalis can be developed.

In this study, using M. catarrhalis mutants derived from clinical isolates, the inventors have been able to show that both UspA1 and A2 bind fibronectin and laminin. Furthermore, the inventors have been able to show that M. catarrhalis interfere with the classical pathway of the complement system, and also to elucidate in which way they interfere.

Many bacteria adhere to epithelial cells via fibronectin binding MSCRAMMS.[54, 77] Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a FnBP that binds to cellular associated fibronectin on nasal epithelial cells.[69] Blocking the bacteria-fibronectin protein interactions may help the host tissue to overcome the infection. In fact, it has been shown that antibodies against a S. aureus FnBP resulted in rapid clearance of the bacteria in infected mice.[71]

Recombinant truncated UspA1/A2 proteins together with smaller fragments spanning the entire molecule have been tested according to the present invention for fibronectin binding. Both UspA1 and A2 bound fibronectin and the fibronectin binding domains were found to be located within UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸. These two truncated proteins both inhibited binding of M. catarrhalis to Chang conjunctival epithelial cells to a similar extent as anti-fibronectin antibodies. The observations made show that both M. catarrhalis UspA1 and A2 are involved in the adherence to epithelial cells via cell-associated fibronectin. The biologically active sites within UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁵⁵⁻³¹⁸ are therefore suggested as potential candidates to be included in a vaccine against M. catarrhalis.

Further, the inventors have studied and characterized binding of M. catarrhalis to laminin. M. catarrhalis is a common cause of infectious exacerbations in patients with COPD. The success of this species in patients with COPD is probably related in part to its large repertoire of adhesins. In addition, there are pathological changes such as loss of epithelial integrity with exposure of basement membrane where the laminin layer itself is thickened in smokers.[4] Some pathogens have been shown to be able to bind laminin and this may contribute to their ability to adhere to such damaged and denuded mucosal surfaces. These include pathogens known to cause significant disease in the airways such as S. aureus and P. aeruginosa amongst others.[7, 63] The present inventors have been able to show that M. catarrhalis ubiquitous surface protein (Usp) A1 and A2 also bind to laminin. Laminin binding domains of UspA1 and A2 were, amongst others, found within the N-terminal halves of UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹² and UspA2³⁰⁻³⁵¹. These domains are also containing the fibronectin binding domains. However, the smallest fragments that bound fibronectin, UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸, did not bind laminin to any appreciable extent. Fragments smaller than the N-terminal half of UspA1 (UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹) lose all its laminin binding ability, whereas with UspA2, only UspA2³⁰⁻¹⁷⁰ bound laminin albeit at a lower level than the whole recombinant protein (UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹) These findings suggest that different parts of the molecule might have different functional roles. UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ was also found to have laminin binding properties.

Comparing the smallest laminin binding regions of UspA1 and A2, we find that there is, however, little similarity by way of amino acid homology between UspA2³⁰⁻¹⁷⁰ and UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹ (data not shown). This is not surprising as it is a known fact that both proteins have a ‘lollipop’-shaped globular head structure despite having only 22% identity in both N terminal halves.[2, 32]

The biologically active sites within UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ are suggested as potential candidates to be included in a vaccine against M. catarrhalis.

Finally, the inventors have studied the interaction between M. catarrhalis ubiquitous surface proteins A1 and A2 and the innate immune system, and have found that M. catarrhalis interferes with the complement system. The complement system is one of the first lines of innate defense against pathogenic microorganisms, and activation of this system leads to a cascade of protein deposition on the bacterial surface resulting in formation of the membrane attack complex or opsonization of the pathogen followed by phagocytosis. [85, 86] One of the most important complement proteins is C3, which is present in the circulation in a concentration similar to some immunoglobulins (1-1.2 mg/ml). C3 does not only play a crucial role as an opsonin, but also is the common link between the classical, lectin and alternative pathways of the complement activation. The alternative pathway functions as amplification loop for the classical and lectin pathways and can also be spontaneously activated by covalent attachment of C3 to the surface of a microbe in the absence of complement inhibitors. C3 deposition requires the presence of an internal thioester bond, formed in the native protein by the proximity of a sulfhydryl group (Cys¹⁰¹⁰) and a glutamyl carbonyl (Gln¹⁰¹²) on the C3 α-chain.[76] Proteolytic cleavage of a 77-residue peptide from the amino terminus of the C3 α-chain generates C3a (anaphylatoxin) and C3b. Attachment of C3b is then accomplished through a covalent link between the carbonyl group of the metastable thioester and either —NH₂ or —OH groups of proteins or carbohydrate structures on the activator surface. [36, 37] M. catarrhalis UspA1 and A2 have been found to non-covalently and in a dose dependent manner bind both the third component of complement (C3) from EDTA-treated serum and methylamine treated C3 (C3met). UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ have been found to bind to C3 and C3met. The C3-binding region for UspA2 was found to mainly be localised in UspA2²⁰⁰⁻⁴⁵⁸. UspA1 has however been found to have a minor role in the interactions. The biologically active sites within UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ are suggested as potential candidates to be included in a vaccine against M. catarrhalis.

The UspA family consists of UspA1 (molecular weight 88 kDa), UspA2 (62 kDa), and the hybrid protein UspA2H (92 kDa).[2, 43] These proteins migrate as high molecular mass complexes in SDS-PAGE, are relatively conserved and hence important vaccine candidates. The amino acid sequences of UspA1 and A2 are 43% identical and have 140 amino acid residues that are 93% identical. [2] In a series of 108 M. catarrhalis nasopharyngeal isolates from young children with otitis media, uspA1 and uspA2 genes were detected in 107 (99%) and 108 (100%) of the isolates, respectively. Twenty-one percent were identified as having the hybrid variant gene uspA2H.[50] Moreover, it is known that naturally acquired antibodies to UspA1 and A2 are bactericidal.[15]

Several functions have been attributed to the UspA family of proteins. UspA1 expression is essential for the attachment of M. catarrhalis to Chang conjunctival epithelial cells and Hep-2 laryngeal epithelial cells.[43, 49] In a more recent study, UspA1 was shown to bind carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAM) expressed in the lung epithelial cell line A549.[31] Purified UspA1 has also been shown to bind fibronectin in dot blot experiments while purified UspA2 did not.[49] Both UspA1 and A2 may play important roles for M. catarrhalis serum resistance.[1, 5, 58, 60]

The present invention demonstrates that both UspA1 and A2 are determinants for M. catarrhalis binding to fibronectin and laminin in the clinical isolates M. catarrhalis BBH18 and RH4. Interestingly, recombinant UspA1 and A2 derived from M. catarrhalis Bc5 both bound fibronectin to the same extent. The binding domains for fibronectin were found within amino acid residues 299 to 452 of UspA1 and 165 to 318 of UspA2. These two domains share 31 amino acid residues sequence identity. Importantly, truncated protein fragments containing these residues in UspA1 and UspA2 were able to inhibit M. catarrhalis binding to Chang epithelial cells suggesting that the interactions with these cells were via cell-associated fibronectin.

The binding domains for laminin were found within the amino acid residues mentioned above. Binding assays with recombinant proteins revealed that the major binding regions were localized in the N-terminal parts, where both proteins form a globular head.

Bacterial factors mediating adherence to tissue and extracellular matrix (ECM) components are grouped together in a single family named “microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules” (MSCRAMMS). Since UspA1/A2 both bind fibronectin and laminin, these proteins can be designated MSCRAMMS.

According to one aspect the present invention provides a peptide having sequence ID no. 1, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

According to another aspect the present invention provides a peptide having sequence ID no. 2, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

According to a further aspect the present invention provides a peptide having sequence ID no, 3, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

According to another aspect the present invention provides a peptide having sequence ID no. 4, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

According to a further aspect the present invention provides a peptide having sequence ID no. 5, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

According to a further aspect the present invention provides a peptide having sequence ID no. 6, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

According to another aspect the present invention provides a peptide having sequence ID no. 7, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

According to another aspect the present invention provides a peptide having sequence ID no. 8, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

According to another aspect the present invention provides a peptide having sequence ID no. 9, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

According to another aspect the present invention provides a peptide having sequence ID no. 10, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides use of at least one peptide according to the invention for the production of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of an infection, preferably an infection caused by M. catarrhalis, in particular caused by carriage of M. catarrhalis on mucosal surfaces.

According to another aspect, the invention further provides a ligand comprising a fibronectin binding domain, said ligand consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of Sequence ID No. 1, Sequence ID No. 2 and Sequence ID No. 3, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

The invention further provides a ligand comprising a laminin binding domain, said ligand consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of Sequence ID No. 4 to Sequence ID No. 8, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

Further, the present invention provides a ligand comprising a C3 or C3met binding domain, said ligand consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of Sequence ID No. 4, Sequence ID No. 6, Sequence ID No. 9 and Sequence ID No. 10, and fragments, homologues, functional equivalents, derivatives, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation products and other secondary processing products thereof.

Further, the present invention provides a medicament comprising one or more ligands according to the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, vehicles, excipients, binders, carriers, or preservatives.

The present invention further provides a vaccine comprising one or more ligands according to the present invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, vehicles, excipients, binders, carriers, or preservatives.

The present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing an infection in an individual, preferably an infection caused by M. catarrhalis, in particular caused by carriage of M. catarrhalis on mucosal surfaces, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a medicament or vaccine according to the present invention.

Finally, the present invention also provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding a ligand, protein or peptide of the present invention, as well as homologues, polymorphisms, degenerates and splice variants thereof.

Further disclosure of the objects, problems, solutions and features of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention with reference to the drawings and the appended claims.

The expression ligand as it is used herein is intended to denote both the whole molecule which binds to the receptor and any part thereof which includes the receptor binding domain such that it retains the receptor binding property. Ligands comprising equivalent receptor binding domains are also included in the present invention.

The expressions fragment, homologue, functional equivalent and derivative relate to variants, modifications and/or parts of the peptides and protein fragments according to the invention which retain the desired fibronectin, laminin, C3 or C3met binding properties.

A homologue of UspA1 according to the present invention is defined as a sequence having at least 72% sequence identity, as can be seen from table 1 below.

A fragment according to the present invention is defined as any of the homologue sequences which are truncated or extended by 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 amino acids at the N-terminus and/or truncated or extended by 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 amino acids at the C-terminus.

The expressions degenerate, hydroxylation, sulphonation and glycosylation products or other secondary processing products relate to variants and/or modifications of the peptides and protein fragments according to the invention which have been altered compared to the original peptide or protein fragment by degeneration, hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation but which retain the desired fibronectin, laminin, C3 or C3met binding properties.

The present invention concerns especially infections caused by Moraxella catarrhalis. A peptide according to the present invention can be used for the treatment or prophylaxis of otitis media, sinusitis or lower respiratory tract infections.

TABLE 1 Multiple alignment of full length UspA1 protein sequences, associated identity percentages O12E O35E O46E P44 TTA24 TTA37 V1171 ATCC25238 81 75 83 83 84 79 84 O12E 74 77 83 76 72 75 O35E 72 74 83 73 78 O46E 81 81 82 80 P44 81 75 77 TTA34 76 84 TTA37 78

TABLE 2 UspA2 Pileup Analysis - Strains and sequences used acc Strain des sl □ TREMBL: O54407_MORCA O54407 O35E Ubiquitous 576 surface protein A 2. □ TREMBL: Q58XP4_MORCA Q58XP4 MC317 UspA2. 650 □ TREMBL: Q848S1_MORCA Q848S1 E22 Ubiquitous 877 surface protein A2H. □ TREMBL: Q848S2_MORCA Q848S2 V1122 Ubiquitous 616 surface protein A2. □ TREMBL: Q8GH86_MORCA Q8GH86 P44 UspA2. 668 □ TREMBL: Q9L961_MORCA Q9L961 TTA37 USPA2H. 889 □ TREMBL: Q9L962_MORCA Q9L962 O46E USPA2H. 894 □ TREMBL: Q9L963_MORCA Q9L963 O12E USPA2 684 (Ubiquitous surface protein A2). □ TREMBL: Q9XD51_MORCA Q9XD51 V1171 UspA2. 674 □ TREMBL: Q9XD53_MORCA Q9XD53 TTA24 UspA2. 613 TREMBL: Q8RTB2_MORCA Q8RTB2 SP12-5 UspA2 686 □ TREMBL: Q9XD55_MORCA Q9XD55 ATCC25238 UspA2. 630 Forsgren_UspA2 UspA2. 630

Accordingly, the present invention provides a ligand isolated from Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane protein which has laminin and/or fibronectin and/or C3-binding, wherein said ligand is a polypeptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-10 which are derived from the full-length Moraxella catarrhalis BC5 UspA1 & UspA2 sequences shown below, or a fragment, homologue, functional equivalent, derivative, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation product or other secondary processing product thereof.

Full-length UspA1 from Moraxella catarrhalis strain BC5 (SEQ ID NO: 32): MNKIYKVKKN AAGHLVACSE FAKGHTKKAV LGSLLIVGIL GMATTASAQK VGKATNKISG GDNNTANGTY LTIGGGDYNK TKGRYSTIGG GLFNEATNEY STIGSGGYNK AKGRYSTIGG GGYNEATNQY STIGGGDNNT AKGRYSTIGG GGYNEATIEN STVGGGGYNQ AKGRNSTVAG GYNNEATGTD STIAGGRKNQ ATGKGSFAAG IDNKANADNA VALGNKNTIE GENSVAIGSN NTVKKGQQNV FILGSNTDTT NAQNGSVLLG HNTAGKAATI VNSAEVGGLS LTGFAGASKT GNGTVSVGKK GKERQIVHVG AGEISDTSTD AVNGSQLHVL ATVVAQNKAD IKDLDDEVGL LGEEINSLEG EIFNNQDAIA KNQADIKTLE SNVEEGLLDL SGRLLDQKAD IDNNINNIYE LAQQQDQHSS DIKTLKNNVE EGLLDLSGRL IDPKADLTKD IKALESNVEE GLLDLSGRLI DQKADIAKNQ ADIAQNQTDI QDLAAYNELQ DAYAKQQTEA IDALNKASSA NTDRIATAEL GIAENKKDAQ IAKAQANENK DGIAKNQADI QLHDKKITNL GILHSMVARA VGNNTQGVAT NKADIAKNQA DIANNIKNIY ELAQQQDQHS SDIKTLAKVS AANTDRIAKN KAEADASFET LTKNQNTLIE QGEALVEQNK AINQELEGFA AHADVQDKQI LQNQADITTN KTAIEQNINR TVANGFEIEK NKAGIATNKQ ELILQNDRLN RINETNNHQD QKIDQLGYAL KEQGQHFNNR ISAVERQTAG GIANAIAIAT LPSPSRAGEH HVLFGSGYHN GQAAVSLGAA GLSDTGKSTY KIGLSWSDAG GLSGGVGGSY RWK Full-length UspA2 from Moraxella catarrhalis strain BC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33): MKTMKLLPLK IAVTSAMIIG LGAASTANAQ AKNDITLEDL PYLIKKIDQN ELEADIGDIT ALEKYLALSQ YGNILALEEL NKALEELDED VGWNQNDIAN LEDDVETLTK NQNAFAEQGE AIKEDLQGLA DFVEGQEGKI LQNETSIKKN TQRNLVNGFE IEKNKDAIAK NNESIEDLYD FGHEVAESIG EIHAHNEAQN ETLKGLITNS IENTNNITKN KADIQALENN VVEELFNLSG RLIDQKADID NNINNIYELA QQQDQHSSDI KTLKKNVEEG LLELSDHIID QKTDIAQNQA NIQDLATYNE LQDQYAQKQT EAIDALNKAS SENTQNIEDL AAYNELQDAY AKQQTEAIDA LNKASSENTQ NIEDLAAYNE LQDAYAKQQA EAIDALNKAS SENTQNIAKN QADIANNITN IYELAQQQDK HRSDIKTLAK TSAANTDRIA KNKADDDASF ETLTKNQNTL IEKDKEHDKL ITANKTAIDA NKASADTKFA ATADAFTKNG NAITKNAKSI TDLGTKVDGF DSRVTALDTK VNAFDGRITA LDSKVENGMA AQAALSGLFQ PYSVGKFNAT AALGGYGSKS AVAIGAGYRV NPNLAFKAGA AINTSGNKKG SYNIGVNYEF

In a preferred embodiment, the ligand is a polypeptide [or polypeptide truncate compared with a wild-type polypeptide] comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-10, or a fragment, homologue, functional equivalent, derivative, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation product or other secondary processing product thereof.

The term ligand is used herein to denote both the whole molecule which binds to laminin and/or fibronectin and/or C3 and any part thereof which includes a laminin and/or fibronectin and/or C3-binding domain such that it retains the respective binding property. Thus “ligand” encompasses molecules which consist only of the laminin and/or fibronectin and/or C3-binding domain i.e. the peptide region or regions required for binding.

For the purposes of this invention laminin, fibronectin or C3-binding properties of a polypeptide can be ascertained as follows:

For, the purposes of this invention laminin, fibronectin or C3-binding properties of a polypeptide can be ascertained as follows: Polypeptides can be labelled with ¹²⁵Iodine or other radioactive compounds and tested for binding in radio immunoassays (RIA) as fluid or solid phase (e.g., dot blots). Moreover, polypeptides can be analysed for binding with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or flow cytometry using appropriate antibodies and detection systems. Interactions between polypeptides and laminin, fibronectin, or C3 can further be examined by surface plasmon resonance (Biacore). Examples of methods are exemplified in detail in the Material and Methods section.

In another preferred embodiment, the polypeptide [or polypeptide truncate compared with a wild-type polypeptide] comprises or consists of at least one of the conserved sequences from within SEQ ID NO: 1-10 which are identified in the alignment shown herein. Hence, in this embodiment, the polypeptide [or polypeptide truncate compared with a wild-type polypeptide] comprises of consists of at least one of:

From UspA1 (conserved fragments from the fibronectin binding domain—‘/’ separating alternative choices of an amino acid at a position)

(SEQ ID NO: 34) G T/V V S V G S/K Q/E/K/A G/N K/N/G/H/S E R Q I V N/H V G A G Q/N/E/K I SI/ A/D T/D S T D A V N G S Q L H/Y A L A S/K/T T/A/V I/V (SEQ ID NO: 35) S T D A V N G S Q L (SEQ ID NO 36) L L N/D L S G R L L/I D Q K A D I D N N I N N/H I Y E/D L A Q Q Q D Q H S S D I K T L K (SEQ ID NO: 37) D Q K A D I D N N I N (SEQ ID NO: 38) L A Q Q Q D Q H S S D I K T L K

From UspA2 (conserved fragments from the fibronectin binding domain—‘/’ separating alternative choices of an amino acid at a position)

(SEQ ID NO: 39) K A D I D N N I N N/H I Y E L A Q Q Q D Q H S S D (SEQ ID NO: 40) I K/Q T/A L K/E K/N/S N V/I E/V E G/E L L/F E/N L S D/G H/R I/L I D Q K T/A D I/L A/T Q/K N/D

From UspA2 (conserved fragments from the C3-binding domain—‘/’ separating alternative choices of an amino acid at a position)

(SEQ ID NO: 41) I E/Q D L A A Y N E L Q D A Y A K Q Q A/T E A I D A L N K A S S E N T Q N T Q N I A K N Q A D I A N N I T/N N I Y E L A Q Q Q D K/Q H R/S S D I K T L A K T/A S A A N T D/N R I (SEQ ID NO: 42) D L A A Y N E L Q D A Y A K Q Q (SEQ ID NO: 43) E A I D A L N K A S S E N T Q N I A K N Q A D I A N N I

It will be understood that the polypeptide ligands of the invention can comprise a laminin and/or fibronectin and/or C3-binding domain of sequence recited herein which is modified by the addition or deletion of amino acid residues to or from the sequences recited herein at either or both the N or C termini, which modified peptides retain the ability to bind laminin and/or fibronectin and/or C3, respectively. Accordingly, the invention further provides a ligand comprising or consisting of a polypeptide in which 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 3 or 1 amino acid residues have been added to or deleted from an amino acid sequence recited herein at either or both the N or C termini, wherein said modified polypeptide retains the ability to bind laminin and/or fibronectin and/or C3; and/or elicit an immune response against the non-modified peptide. By extension it is meant lengthening the sequence using the context of the peptide from the full-length amino acid sequence from which it is derived.

As regards fragments of the polypeptides of the invention, any size fragment may be used in the invention (based on the homologue sequences/conserved regions/functional domatins discussed herein) provided that the fragment retains the ability to bind laminin and/or fibronectin and/or C3. It may be desirable to isolate a minimal peptide which contains only those regions required for receptor binding.

Polypeptide ligands according to the invention may be derived from known Moraxella catarrhalis UspA1 or UspA2 proteins by truncation at either or both of the N- and C-termini. Truncates are not the full-length native UspA1 or A2 molecules. Accordingly, the invention further provides a wild-type UspA1 sequence lacking at least (or exactly) 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 etc to 298 amino acids from the N-terminus, and/or lacking at least (or exactly) 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 etc to 450 amino acids from the C-terminus. Preferably, the truncate retains fibronectin binding function (optionally also laminin and/or C3-binding).

TABLE 3 Possible combinations of truncations to the N- and C- termini of wild-type UspA1 protein. No. of amino acids lacking, at least or exactly: From the N- terminus From the C-terminus 0 X 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 20 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 30 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 40 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 50 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 60 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 70 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 80 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 100 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 120 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 140 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 160 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 180 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 200 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 220 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 260 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 280 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 298 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 From the N- terminus From the C-terminus 0 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 450 20 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 30 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 40 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 50 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 60 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 70 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 80 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 100 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 120 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 140 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 160 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 180 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 200 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 220 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 240 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 260 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 280 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450 298 240 260 280 300 320 240 360 380 400 420 440 450

Accordingly the invention further provides a wild-type UspA2 sequence lacking at least (or exactly) 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 164 amino acids from the N-terminus, and/or lacking at least (or exactly) 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, 140, 180, 200 etc to 312 amino acids from the C-terminus. Preferably, the truncate retains fibronectin binding function (optionally also laminin and/or C3-binding). Possible truncates may be selected from those shown in the following table, all of which are within the scope of the invention.

TABLE 4 Possible combinations of truncations to the N- and C- termini of wild-type UspA2 protein No. of amino acids lacking, at least or exactly From the N- terminus From the C-terminus 0 X 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 20 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 30 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 40 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 50 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 60 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 70 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 80 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 100 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 120 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 140 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 160 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312 164 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 312

Accordingly the invention further provides a wild-type UspA2 sequence lacking at least (or exactly) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 29 amino acids from the N-terminus, and/or lacking at least (or exactly) 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 etc to 453 amino acids from the C-terminus. Preferably, the truncate retains laminin binding function (optionally also fibronectin and/or C3-binding. Possible truncates may be selected from those shown in the following table, all of which are within the scope of the invention.

TABLE 5 Possible combinations of truncations to the N- and C- termini of wild-type UspA2 protein No. of amino acids lacking, at least or exactly: From the C- terminus From the N-terminus 0 X 5 10 15 20 25 29 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 60 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 70 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 80 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 140 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 160 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 180 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 200 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 220 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 240 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 260 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 280 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 300 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 320 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 340 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 360 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 380 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 400 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 420 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 440 0 5 10 15 20 25 29 453 0 5 10 15 20 25 29

Accordingly the invention further provides a wild-type UspA2 sequence lacking (or exactly) 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 etc. to 301 amino acids from the N-terminus, and/or lacking at least (or exactly) 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 or 172 amino acids from the C-terminus. Preferably, the truncate retains C3 binding function (optionally also fibronectin and/or laminin binding). Possible truncates may be selected from those shown in the following table, all of which are within the scope of the invention.

TABLE 6 Possible combinations of truncations to the N- and C- termini of wild-type UspA2 protein No. of amino acids lacking, at least or exactly: From the N- terminus From the C-terminus 0 X 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 20 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 30 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 40 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 50 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 60 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 70 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 80 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 100 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 120 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 140 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 160 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 180 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 200 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 220 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 240 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 260 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 280 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 290 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172 301 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 172

Known wild-type UspA1 sequences that may be truncated in this way are those of strains ATCC25238 (MX2; GenBank accession no. AAD43465), P44 (AAN84895), O35E (AAB96359), TTA37 (AAF40122), O12E (AAF40118), O46E (AAF36416), V1171 (AAD43469), TTA24 (AAD43467) (see Table 1/FIG. 19); or BC5 (see above), Known wild-type UspA2 sequences that may be truncated in this way are those of strains O35E (GenBank accession no O4407), MC317 (GenBank accession no. Q58XP4), E22 (GenBank accession no. Q84851), V1122 (GenBank accession no. Q84882), P44 (GenBank accession no Q8GH86), TTA37 (GenBank accession no. Q9L961), O46E (GenBank accession no. Q9L962), O12E (GenBank accession no. Q9L963), V1171 (GenBank accession no. Q9XD51), TTA24 (GenBank accession no. Q9XD53), SP12-5 (GenBank accession no, Q8RTB2), ATCC25238 (GenBank accession no. Q9×055) (see Table 2/FIG. 20); or BC5 [Forsgren_UspA2] (see above).

Ideally the UspA1 or UspA2 truncate of this embodiment comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-10 or a fragment, homologue, functional equivalent, derivative, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation product or other secondary processing product thereof; or comprises or consists of at least one of the conserved sequences from within these regions which are identified in the alignment shown in herein, for example:

From UspA1 (conserved fragments from the fibronectin binding domain—‘/’ separating alternative choices of an amino acid at a position)

(SEQ ID NO: 44) G T/V V S V G S/K Q/E/K/A G/N K/N/G/H/S E R Q I V N/H V G A G Q/N/E/K I S/R A/D T/D S T D A V N G S Q L H/Y A L A S/K/T T/A/V I/V (SEQ ID NO: 45) S T D A V N G S Q L (SEQ ID NO: 46) L L N/D L S G R L L/I D Q K A D I D N N I N N/H I Y E/D L A Q Q Q D Q H S S D I K T L K (SEQ ID NO: 47) D Q K A D I D N N I N (SEQ ID NO: 48) L A Q Q Q D Q H S S D I K T L K

From UspA2 (conserved fragments from the fibronectin binding domain—‘/’ separating alternative choices of an amino acid at a position)

(SEQ ID NO: 49) K A D I D N N I N N/H I Y E L A Q Q Q D Q H S S D (SEQ ID NO: 50) I K/Q T/A L K/E K/N/S N V/I E/V E G/E L L/F E/N L S D/G H/R I/L I D Q K T/A D I/L A/T Q/K N/D

From UspA2 (conserved fragments from the C3-binding domain—‘/’ separating alternative choices of an amino acid at a position)

(SEQ ID NO: 51) I E/Q D L A A Y N E L Q D A Y A K Q Q A/T E A I D A L N K A S S E N T Q N I A K N Q A D I A N N I T/N N I Y E L A Q Q Q D K/Q H R/S S D I K T L A K T/A S A A N T D/N R I (SEQ ID NO: 52) D L A A Y N E L Q D A Y A K Q Q (SEQ ID NO: 53) E A I D A L N K A S S E N T Q N I A K N Q A D I A N N I

It may be convenient to produce fusion proteins containing polypeptide ligands as described herein. Accordingly, in a further embodiment, the invention provides fusion proteins comprising polypeptide ligands according to the invention. Preferably a fusion protein according to this embodiment is less than 50% identical to any known fully length sequence over its entire length. Such fusions can constitute a derivative of the polypeptides of the invention. Further derivatives can be the use of the polypeptides of the invention to as a carrier to covalently couple peptide or saccharide moieties. They may be coupled for instance to pneumococcal capsular oligosaccharides or polysaccharides, or Moraxella catarrhalis lipooligosaccaharides, or non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae lipooligosaccaharides.

Homologous peptides of the invention may be identified by sequence comparison. Homologous peptides are preferably at least 60% identical, more preferably at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% identical in ascending order of preference to the peptide sequence disclosed herein or fragments thereof or truncates of the invention over their entire length. Preferably the homologous peptide retains the ability to bind fibronectin and/or laminin and/or C3; and/or elicit an immune response against the peptide sequences disclosed herein or fragment thereof.

FIGS. 19 and 20 show an alignment of peptide sequences of UspA1 and UspA2 of different origin which indicates regions of sequence that are capable of being modified to form homologous sequences whilst retained function (i.e. fibronectin and/or laminin and/or C3 binding ability). Homologous peptides to the BC5 SEQ ID NO: 1-10 peptides are for instance those sequences corresponding to the BC5 sequence from other strains in FIGS. 19 and 20.

Vaccines of the Invention

The polypeptides/peptides/functional domains/homologues/fragments/truncates/derivatives of the invention should ideally be formulated as a vaccine comprising an effective amount of said component(s) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

The vaccines of the invention can be used for administration to a patient for the prevention or treatment of Moraxella catarrhalis infection or otitis media or sinusitis or lower respiratory tract infections. They may be administered in any known way, including intramuscularly, parenternally, mucosally and intranasally.

Combination Vaccines of the Invention

The vaccines of the present invention may be combined with other Moraxella catarrhalis antigens for prevention or treatment of the aforementioned diseases.

The present inventors have found in particular that Moraxella catarrhalis has at least 2 means of hampering the host immune system from attacking the organism. In addition to the interaction with C3 (and C4BP) mentioned in the Examples below, M. catarrhalis has a strong affinity for soluble and membrane bound human IgD through protein MID (also known as OMP106). Moraxella-dependent IgD-binding to B lymphocytes results in a polyclonal immunoglobulin synthesis which may prohibit production of specific monoclonal anti-moraxella antibodies. The fact that M. catarrhalis hampers the human immune system in several ways might explain why M. catarrhalis is such a common inhabitant of the respiratory tract.

The inventors believe that the combination of antigens involved in the IgD-binding function (MID) and C3-binding function (UspA1 and/or UspA2) can provide an immunogenic composition giving the host enhanced defensive capabilities against Moraxella's hampering of the human immune system thus providing an enhanced decrease in M. catarrhalis carriage on mucosal surfaces.

A further aspect of the invention is therefore a vaccine composition comprising an effective amount of UspA1 and/or UspA2 (particularly the latter) (for instance full-length polypeptides or polypeptides/peptides/functional domains/homologues/fragments/truncates/derivatives of the invention as described herein, preferably which retains a C3-binding function) in combination with an effective amount of protein MID (for instance full-length polypeptides or polypeptides/peptides/functional domains/homologues/fragments/truncates/derivatives thereof, preferably which retain a human IgD-binding function), and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Protein MID, and IgD-binding homologous/fragments/truncates thereof is described in WO 03/004651 (incorporated by reference herein). Particularly suitable fragments for this purpose is a polypeptide comprising (or consisting of) the F2 fragment described in WO 03/004651, or sequences with at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 99% identity thereto which preferably retain human IgD-binding activity.

The MID and UspA components of this combination vaccine may be separate from each other, or may be conveniently fused together by known molecular biology techniques.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows thirteen M. catarrhalis strains tested for fibronectin binding (A). Strong fibronectin binding correlated to UspA1/A2 expression as detected by anti-UspA1/A2 pAb (B-I). Flow cytometry profiles of M. catarrhalis BBH18 wild type and UspA1/A2 deficient mutants show an UspA1/A2-dependent binding to soluble fibronectin. The profiles of wild type clinical isolate (B and F) and corresponding mutants devoid of UspA1 (C and G), or UspA2 (D and H), and double mutants (E and I) lacking both UspA1 and UspA2 are shown. Bacteria were incubated with rabbit anti-UspA1/A2 or fibronectin followed by an anti-fibronectin pAb. FITC-conjugated rabbit pAb was subsequently added followed by flow cytometry analysis. A typical experiment out of three with the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for each profile is shown.

FIG. 2 shows that M. catarrhalis RH4 UspA2 deficient mutants do not bind ¹²⁵I-labeled fibronectin. E. coli BL21 was included as a negative control not binding fibronectin. Bacteria were incubated with ¹²⁵I-labeled fibronectin followed by several washes and analyzed in a gamma counter. Fibronectin binding to the RH4 wild type expressing both UspA1 and A2 was set as 100%. The mean values of three independent experiments are shown. Error bars represent standard deviations (SD). Similar results were obtained with M. catarrhalis BBH18.

FIG. 3 shows pictures that verify that M. catarrhalis mutants devoid of UspA1 and UspA2 do not bind to immobilized fibronectin. M. catarrhalis wild type was able to adhere at a high density on fibronectin coated glass slides (A). M. catarrhalis ΔuspA1 mutant was also retained at a high density (B), whereas M. catarrhalis ΔuspA2 and ΔuspA1/A2 double mutants adhered poorly (C and ID). Glass slides were coated with fibronectin and incubated with M. catarrhalis RH4 and its corresponding UspA1/A2 mutants. After several washes, bacteria were Gram stained.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing that recombinant UspA1 and A2 bind to fibronectin in a dose-dependent manner. Specific fibronectin binding is shown for UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹. Both UspA proteins (40 nM) were coated on microtiter plates and incubated with increasing concentrations of fibronectin followed by detection with rabbit anti-human fibronectin pAb and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb. Mean values of three separate experiments are shown and error bars indicate SD.

FIG. 5. The active fibronectin binding domains for UspA1 and UspA2 are located between amino acids 299 to 452 and 165 to 318, respectively. Truncated proteins derived from UspA1 (A) and UspA2 (B) are shown. All fragments were tested for fibronectin binding in ELISA. Forty nM of each truncated fragment was coated on microtiter plates and incubated with 80 μg/ml and 120 μg/ml fibronectin for UspA1 and UspA2, respectively. Bound fibronectin was detected with rabbit anti-fibronectin pAb followed by HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb. Results are representative for three sets of experiments, Error bars represent SD.

FIG. 6 shows the sequence according to sequence ID No. 1, and the sequence homology between UspA1³⁰⁰⁻⁴⁵³ (SEQ ID NO: 87) and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸ (SEQ ID NO: 3). The 31 identical amino acid residues are within brackets.

FIG. 7 shows that truncated UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹ and UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² fragments competitively inhibit M. catarrhalis UspA-dependent fibronectin binding. M. catarrhalis ΔuspA1/A2 double mutants, which do not bind fibronectin, were included as negative controls. UspA1 recombinant proteins were pre-incubated with 2 mg/100 ml fibronectin before incubation with M. catarrhalis. The mean fluorescence values (MFI) of M. catarrhalis with bound fibronectin detected by FITC conjugated anti-fibronectin pAb in flow cytometry are shown. UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹ and UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² resulted in 95% and 63% inhibition respectively. Error bars represent mean±SD of three independent experiments.

FIG. 8 shows that UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸ inhibit M. catarrhalis adherence to Chang conjunctival cells via cell-associated fibronectin. Chang epithelial cells expressed fibronectin on the surface as revealed by an anti-fibronectin pAb and flow cytometry (A). Pre-incubation with the fibronectin binding proteins UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵², UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸, or anti-fibronectin pAb resulted in significantly reduced binding by M. catarrhalis RH4 as compared to control recombinant proteins (UspA1⁴³³⁻⁵⁸⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻¹⁷⁷) and a control antibody (anti-ICAM1 mAb) (B). P<0.05 by two-tailed paired Student's t test. Mean values of three separate experiments are shown and error bars indicate SD.

FIG. 9A shows binding of M. catarrhalis RH4 to laminin via UspA1 and A2. M. catarrhalis RH4 wild type (wt) strongly bound to immobilized laminin with a mean OD of 1.27. RH4ΔuspA1 showed mean OD of 1.14 (89.8% of the wild type). RH4ΔuspA2 and the double mutant RH4ΔuspA1/A2 had a mean OD of 0.19 and 0.23 respectively (15.0% and 18.1% of the wild type). This was not significantly different from the residual adhesion to bovine serum albumin coated plates. Thirty μg/ml of laminin or bovine serum albumin were coated on microtiter plates. They were blocked followed by incubation with bacteria suspension and finally washed. Bound bacteria was detected with anti-MID pAb and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb. The mean results of 3 representative experiments are shown. Error bars represent standard deviations (SD).

FIG. 9B shows the binding of recombinant UspA1 and A2 laminin in a dose-dependent manner. Specific laminin binding is shown for UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹. Both UspA proteins (40 nM) were coated on microtiter plates and incubated with increasing concentrations of laminin followed by detection with rabbit anti-laminin pAb and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb. Mean values of three separate experiments are shown and error bars indicate SD.

FIG. 10 A and B show that the active laminin binding domains for UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ (A) and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ (B) are located in the N-terminal halves. Forty nM of recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ together with the truncated proteins were coated on microtiter plates and incubated with 20 μg/ml of laminin followed by detection with rabbit anti-laminin pAb and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb. Mean values of three separate experiments are shown and error bars indicate SD.

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of C3, covalent bound C3b and C3met. (A) The C3-molecule in serum consists of one α-chain and one β-chain. (B) The α-chain contains an internal thioester site that after activation can attach covalently to a microbial surface. (C) The C3 has been treated with methylamine, which becomes covalently attached to the thioester.

FIG. 12 illustrates that M. catarrhalis counteracts the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system by the outer membrane proteins UspA1 and A2. (A) M. catarrhalis RH4 wild-type (wt), the ΔuspA1, the ΔuspA2 or the ΔuspA1/A2 mutants were incubated in the presence of 10% NHS. (B) The ΔuspA1/A2 mutant was incubated with 10% NHS supplemented with either EDTA or Mg-EGTA. Bacteria were collected at the indicated time points. After overnight incubation, colony forming units (cfu) were counted. The number of bacteria at the initiation of the experiments was defined as 100%. Moan values of three separate experiments are shown and error bars indicate S.D. (A) The mean values after 5 min for the ΔuspA1, the ΔuspA2 or the ΔuspA1/A2 mutants were significantly different from the wild-type (P<0.05). (B) The mean values after 5 min for the ΔuspA1/A2 mutant and after 10 min for the ΔuspA1/A2 mutant incubated Mg-EGTA were significantly different from the wild-type (P<0.05).

FIG. 13 illustrates that Moraxella catarrhalis binds C3 in serum independently of complement activation. Flow cytometry profiles showing C3 binding to (A) M. catarrhalis RH4 or (B) Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bacteria were incubated with NHS or NHS pretreated with EDTA. Thereafter, a rabbit anti-human C3d pAb and as a secondary layer a FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit pAb were added followed by flow cytometry analysis. Bacteria in the absence of NHS, but in the presence of both pAb, were defined as background fluorescence. One representative experiment out of three is shown.

FIG. 14 illustrates that M. catarrhalis non-covalently binds purified methylamine-treated C3 in a dose-dependent manner, and that the binding is based on ionic interactions. Flow cytometry profiles showing (A) binding with increasing concentrations of C3met. (B) The mean fluorescence intensity (mfi) of each profile in panel (A) is shown. (C) C3met binding of RH4 decreases with increasing concentrations of NaCl. Bacteria were incubated with C3met with or without NaCl as indicated. C3met binding was measured by flow cytometry as described in FIG. 3. Error bars indicate SD. * P≦0.05, ** P≦0.01, *** P≦0.001.

FIG. 15 illustrates that flow cytometry profiles of M. catarrhalis RH4 wild type and UspA1/A2 deficient mutants show a UspA1/UspA2-dependent C3met/C3 binding. The profiles of a wild type clinical isolate (A, F, K) and corresponding mutants devoid of protein MID (B, G, L), UspA1 (C, H, M), UspA2 (D, I, N), or both UspA1 and UspA2 (E, J, O) are shown. Bacteria were incubated with C3met (A-E), NHS-EDTA (F-J) or NHS (K-O) and detected as outlined in FIG. 3. One typical experiment out of three with the mean fluorescence intensity (mfi) for each profile is shown.

FIG. 16 illustrates that C3met binds to purified recombinant UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹, whereas only a weak C3met binding to UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ is observed. Furthermore, the C3met binding region of UspA2 was determined to be located between the amino acid residues 200 to 458. (A) The recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ were immobilized on a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was incubated with [¹²⁵I]-labelled C3met overnight and bound protein was visualized with a Personal FX (Bio-Rad) using intensifying screens. The recombinant protein MID⁹⁶²⁻¹²⁰⁰ was included as a negative control. (B) UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰, UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ and a series of truncated UspA2 proteins were coated on microtiter plates and incubated with C3met, followed by incubation with goat anti-human C3 pAb and HRP-conjugated anti-goat pAb. The mean values out of three experiments are shown. The background binding was subtracted from all samples. Error bars correspond to S.D. * P≦0.05, ** P≦0.01, *** P≦0.001.

FIG. 17 illustrates that addition of recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ to serum inhibit C3b deposition and killing of M. catarrhalis via the alternative pathway. Flow cytometry profiles show C3b-deposition on RH4ΔuspA1/A2 after incubation with (A) NHS or NHS preincubated with recombinant (rec.) UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹, or (B) NHS-Mg-EGTA or NHS-Mg-EGTA preincubated with UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹. After addition of the various NHS combinations, bacteria were analyzed as described in FIG. 13. (C) RH4ΔuspA1/A2 was incubated with 10% NHS or NHS-Mg-EGTA. For inhibition, the NHS-Mg-EGTA was incubated with 100 nM UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and/or UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ before addition of bacteria. Bacteria were collected at the indicated time points. The number of bacteria at the initiation of the experiments was defined as 100%. Mean values of three separate experiments are shown and error bars indicate S.D. The time points 10, 20 and 30 min for the ΔuspA1/A2 mutant preincubated with recombinant proteins were significantly different from the ΔuspA1/A2 mutant incubated with Mg-EGTA alone (P<0.05).

FIG. 18 illustrates that recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ decrease haemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by inhibition of the alternative pathway. NHS was incubated with or without 100 nM UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and/or UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ at 37° C. for 30 min. NHS at the indicated concentrations was thereafter added to rabbit erythrocytes. After incubation for 30 min, the suspensions were centrifuged and the supernatants were measured by spectrophotometry. Maximum haemolysis in each experiment was defined as 100%. Mean values of three separate experiments are shown and error bars correspond to S.D. The results obtained with NHS+UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ and NHS+UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰/UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ at NHS concentrations of 2, 3 and 4% were significantly different from the NHS control (P<0.05).

FIGS. 19A-19D illustrate a pileup-analysis of UsPa1 for eight different strains, to show the homology of different parts of UspA1 (SEQ ID NOS 11-18 are disclosed respectively in order of appearance).

FIGS. 20A-20J illustrate a pileup-analysis of UsPa2 for thirteen different strains to show the homology of different parts of UspA2 (SEQ ID NOS 19-31 are disclosed respectively in order of appearance).

FIG. 21 illustrates % identity in regions identified on Forsgren sequence computed as the ratio between the number of exact matches and the length of the region alignment, where the region alignment is that part of the above total alignment containing the Forsgren region.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Interaction Between M. catarrhalis and Fibronectin

Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions

The sources of the clinical M. catarrhalis is strains are listed in table 7. M. catarrhalis BBH18 and RH4 mutants were constructed as previously described.[23, 58] The M. catarrhalis strains were routinely cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) liquid broth or on BHI agar plates at 37° C. The UspA1-deficient mutants were cultured in BHI supplemented with 1.5 μg/ml chloramphenicol (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), and UspA2-deficient mutants were incubated with 7 μg/ml zeocin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Both chloramphenicol and zeocin were used for growth of the double mutants.

TABLE 7 Clinical strains of M. catarrhalis used in the present study Strain Clinical Source Reference BBH18 Sputum [53] D1 Sputum [53] Ri49 Sputum [53] C10 Sputum [10] F16 Sputum [10] Bro2 Respiratory tract [53] Z14 Pharynx [10] S6-688 Nasopharynx [23] Bc5 Nasopharynx [20] RH4 Blood [53] RH6 Blood [53] R14 Unknown [10] R4 Unknown [10] SÖ-1914 Tympanic cavity aspirate [23] Note: The strains C10, R4 did not have the uspA1 gene, whereas F16, R14, Z14 lacked the uspA2 gene. [10] The remaining strains contained both uspA1 and A2 genes (data not shown). DNA Method

To detect the presence uspA1, A2, and A2H genes in those strains which this was unknown, primers and PCR conditions as described by Meier at al, was used. [50] Partial sequencing was also carried out with the UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸ 5′ and 3′ primers of the respective uspA1 and uspA2 gene of RH4 and BBH18. Confirmation of the presence of the amino acid residues “DQKADIDNNINNIYELAQQQDQHSSDIKTLK” (SEQ ID NO: 1) was also performed by PCR with a primer (5′-CAAAGCTCACATCCAAGCACTTG-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 54) designed from the 5 end of this sequence and 3′ primers for uspA1 and A2 as described by Meier at al, [50]

Recombinant Proteins Construction and Expression

Recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA²³⁰⁻⁵³⁹, which are devoid of their hydrophobic C-termini, has recently been described. [58] The genomic DNA was extracted from M. catarrhalis Bc5 using a DNeasy tissue kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). In addition, recombinant proteins corresponding to multiple regions spanning UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ were also constructed by the same method. The primers used are listed in table 8. All constructs were sequenced according to standard methods. Expression and purification of the recombinant proteins were done as described previously.[59] Proteins were purified using columns containing a nickel resin (Novagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions for native conditions. The recombinant proteins were analyzed on SDS-PAGE as described.[21]

TABLE 8 Primers used in this present study (5′ primers are disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 55-69, respectively, in order of appearance; 3′ primers are disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 70-84, respectively, in order of appearance) Protein 5′ primer 3′ primer UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ gcgtctgcggatccagtaggcaaggcaacc ccctgaagctttagtgcataacctaattg UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹ gcgtctgcggatccagtaggcaaggcaacc ttgagcaagcttagcttggtttttagcg UspA1⁵⁰⁻¹⁹⁷ gcgtctgcggatccagtaggcaaggcaacc acctgtggcaagcttcttcctgcc UspA1⁵⁰⁻³²¹ gcgtctgcggatccagtaggcaaggcaacc ggtgtcactaagcttacctgcaccaacatgaac UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² ggatttgcaggtgcatcggatcctggtaatggtact gtcttttgtaagatcaagcttttgatcaat UspA1⁴³³⁻⁵⁸⁰ catagctctgatatggatccacttaaaaac catgctgagaagcttacctagattgg UspA1⁵⁵⁷⁻⁷⁰⁴ gccaagcacaagcggatccaaataaagac ggtcttattggtagtaagcttagcttggttttg UspA1⁶⁸⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ gttgagcaaaaggatcccatcaatcaagag ccctgaagctttagtgcataacctaattg UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ cgaatgcggatcctaaaaatgatataactttagagg cattaagcttggtgtctaatgcagttac UspA2³⁰⁻¹⁷⁷ cgaatgcggatcctaaaaatgatataactttagagg ctcatgaccaaaatcaagcttatcttcgatagactc UspA2¹⁰¹⁻²⁴⁰ gatattgcggatccggaagatgatgttgaaac gatcaataagcttaccgcttagattgaatagttcttc UspA2¹⁰¹⁻³¹⁸ gatattgcggatccggaagatgatgttgaaac gtcaatcgcttcaagcttcttttgagcatactg UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸ gagattgagaaggatccagatgctattgct gtcaatcgcttcaagcttcttttgagcatactg UspA2³⁰²⁻⁴⁵⁸ gctcaaaaccaagcggatccccaagatctg ggtgagcgtttcaagctttgcatcagcatcggc UspA2⁴⁴⁶⁻⁵³⁹ gcaagtgctgcggatcctgatcgtattgct cattaagcttggtgtctaatgcagttac Antibodies

Rabbit anti-UspA1/A2 polyclonal antibodies (pAb) were recently described in detail.[58] The other antibodies used were rabbit anti-human fibronectin pAb, swine FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb, swine horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated anti-rabbit pAb and finally a mouse anti-human CD54 (ICAM1) monoclonal antibody (mAb). Antibodies were from Dakopatts (Glostrup, Denmark).

Flow Cytometry Analysis

The UspA1/A2-protein expression and the capacity of M. catarrhalis to bind fibronectin were analyzed by flow cytometry. M. catarrhalis wild type strains and UspA1/A2-deficient mutants were grown overnight and washed twice in phosphate buffered saline containing 3% fish gelatin (PBS-gelatin). The bacteria (10⁸) were then incubated with the anti-UspA1/A2 antiserum or 5 μg fibronectin (Sigma, St Louis, Mo.). They were then washed and incubated for 30 min at room temperature (RT) with FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb (diluted according to the manufacturer's instructions) or with 1/100 dilution of rabbit anti-human fibronectin pAb (if fibronectin was first added) for 30 min at RT before incubation with the FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb. After three additional washes, the bacteria were analyzed by flow cytometry (EPICS, XL-MCL, Coulter, Hialeah, Fla.). All incubations were kept in a final volume of 100 μl PBS-gelatin and the washings were done with the same buffer. Anti-fibronectin pAb and FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb were added separately as a negative control for each strain analyzed. Fibronectin inhibition studies were carried out by pre-incubating 0.25 μmoles of UspA fragments for 1 h with 2 μg of fibronectin before incubation with M. catarrhalis bacteria (10⁸). The residual free amount of fibronectin that bound to M. catarrhalis was determined by flow cytometry as outlined above.

Binding of M. catarrhalis to Immobilized Fibronectin

Glass slides were coated with 30 μl aliquots of fibronectin (1 mg/ml) and air dried at RT. After washing once with PBS, the slides were incubated in Petri dishes with pre-chilled bacteria at late exponential phase (optical density (OD) at 600 nm=0.9). After 2 h at RT, glass slides were washed once with PBS followed by Gram staining.

Protein Labeling and Radio Immunoassay (RIA)

Fibronectin was ¹²⁵Iodine labeled (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England) to a high specific activity (0.05 mol iodine per mol protein) with the Chloramine T method.[21] M. catarrhalis strains BBH18 and RH4 together with their corresponding mutants were grown overnight on solid medium and were washed in PBS with 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Bacteria (10⁸) were incubated for 1 h at 37° C. with ¹²⁵I-labeled fibronectin (1600 kcpm/sample) in PBS containing 2% BSA. After three washings with PBS 2% BSA, ¹²⁵I-labeled fibronectin bound to bacteria was measured in a gamma counter (Wallac, Espoo, Finland).

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Microtiter plates (Nunc-Immuno Module; Roskilde, Denmark) were coated with 40 nM of purified recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ proteins in 75 mM sodium carbonate, pH 9.6 at 4° C. overnight. Plates were washed four times with washing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.5) and blocked for 2 h at RT with washing buffer containing 3% fish gelatin. After four additional washings, the wells were incubated for 1 h at RT with fibronectin (120 μg/ml) diluted in three-fold step in 1.5% fish gelatin (in wash buffer). Thereafter, the plates were washed and incubated with rabbit anti-human fibronectin pAb for 1 h. After additional washings, HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb was added and incubated for 1 h at RT. Both the antihuman fibronectin and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb were diluted 11,000 in washing buffer containing 1.5% fish gelatin. The wells were washed four times and the plates were developed and measured at OD₄₅₀. ELISAs with truncated proteins spanning UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ were performed with fixed doses of fibronectin at 80 μg/ml and 120 μg/ml, respectively.

Cell Line Adherence Inhibition Assay

Chang conjunctival cells (ATCC CCL 20.2) were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco BRL, Life Technologies, Paisley, Scotland) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 12 μg of gentamicin/ml. On the day before adherence inhibition experiments, cells were harvested, washed twice in gentamicin-free RPMI 1640, and added to 96 well tissue culture plates (Nunc) at a final concentration of 10⁴ cells/well in 200 μl of gentamicin-free culture medium. Thereafter, cells were incubated overnight at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ and 95% air. On the day of experiments, inhibition of M. catarrhalis adhesion was carried out by pre-incubating increasing concentration of recombinant UspA1/A2 truncated proteins containing the fibronectin binding domains (UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸) or rabbit anti-human fibronectin pAb (diluted 150) for 1 h. Nonfibronectin binding recombinant proteins (UspA1⁴³³⁻⁵⁸⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻¹⁷⁷) were used as controls. Chang epithelial cells are known to express ICAM1.[18] Hence an anti-ICAM1 antibody was used to differentiate if the inhibitory effect of the anti-fibronectin antibody was secondary to steric hindrance. Subsequently, M. catarrhalis RH4 (10⁶) in PBS-gelatin was inoculated onto the confluent monolayers. In all experiments, tissue culture plates were centrifuged at 3,000×g for 5 min and incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. After 30 min, infected monolayers were rinsed several times with PBS-gelatin to remove non-adherent bacteria and were then treated with trypsin-EDTA (0.05% trypsin and 0.5 mM EDTA) to release the Chang cells from the plastic support. Thereafter, the resulting cell/bacterium suspension was seeded in dilution onto agar plates containing BHI and incubated overnight at 37° C. in 5% CO₂.

Determination of Fibronectin Expression in Chang Conjunctival Epithelial Cells

Chang conjunctival epithelial cells were harvested by scraping followed by re-suspension in PBS-gelatin. Cells (1×10⁶/ml) were labeled with rabbit anti-human fibronectin pAb followed by washing and incubation with a FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb. After three additional washes, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry as outlined above.

Interaction Between M. catarrhalis and Laminin

Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions

The clinical M. catarrhalis strains BBH18 and RH4 and their corresponding mutants were previously described. [58] Both strains have a relatively higher expression of UspA2 compared to UspA1.[58] The mutants expressed equal amount of M. catarrhalis immunoglobulin D-binding protein (MID) when compared to wild type strains. Bacteria were routinely cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth or on BHI agar plates at 37° C. The UspA1-deficient, UspA2-deficient and double mutants were cultured in BHI supplemented with antibiotics as described.[58]

Recombinant Protein Construction and Expression

Recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷″ and UspA2³¹³⁻⁵³⁹, which are devoid of their hydrophobic C-termini, were manufactured.[58] In addition, recombinant proteins corresponding to multiple regions spanning UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ were used.[78]

Antibodies

Rabbit anti-UspA1/A2 and anti-MID polyclonal antibodies (pAb) were used.[22, 58] Rabbit anti-laminin pAb was from Sigma (St Louis, Mo., USA). Swine horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb was from Dakopatts (Glostrup, Denmark).

Binding of M. catarrhalis to Immobilized Laminin

Microtiter plates (Nunc-Immuno Module; Roskilde, Denmark) were coated with Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma laminin (Sigma, Saint Louis, USA) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) (30 μg/ml) in Tris-HCL, pH 9.0 at 4° C. overnight. The plates were washed with phosphate buffered saline and 0.05% Tween 20, pH 7.2 (PBS-Tween) and subsequently blocked with 2% ESA in PBS 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.2. M. catarrhalis RH4 and BBH18 (10⁸) in 100 μl were then added followed by incubation for 1 h. Unbound bacteria were removed by washing 3 times with PBS-Tween. Residual bound bacteria were detected by means of an anti-HID pAb, followed by detection with HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb. The plates were developed and measured at OD₄₅₀ according to a standard protocol.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Microtiter plates (Nunc-Immuno Module) were coated with 40 nM of purified recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ proteins in 75 mM sodium carbonate, pH 9.5 at 4° C. Plates were washed four times with washing buffer (50 mM. Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.5) and blocked at RT with washing buffer containing 3% fish gelatin. After additional washings, the wells were incubated for 1 h at RT with laminin at different dilutions as indicated in 1.5% fish gelatin (in wash buffer). Thereafter, the plates were washed and incubated with rabbit anti-laminin pAb. After additional washings, HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb was added and incubated at RT. Both the anti-laminin and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb were diluted 1:1,000 in washing buffer containing 1.5% fish gelatin. The wells were washed and the plates were developed and measured at OD₄₅₀. Uncoated wells incubated with identical dilutions of laminin were used as background controls. ELISAs with truncated proteins spanning UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵″ were performed with fixed doses of laminin (20 μg/ml).

Interaction Between M. catarrhalis and C3 and C3met

Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions

The clinical M. catarrhalis isolates and related subspecies have recently been described in detail.[21, 53] Type strains were from the Culture Collection, University of Gothenburg (CCUG; Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden), or the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, Va.); Neisseria gonorrheae CCUG 15821, Streptococcus pyogenes CCUG 25570 and 25571, Streptococcus agalactiae CCUG 4208, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619, Legionella pneumophila ATCC 33152, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and finally Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The remaining strains in Table 9 were clinical isolates from Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Malmo University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden.

TABLE 9 M. catarrhalis is a unique C3/C3met binding bacterium. Related moraxella subspecies and other common human pathogens do not bind C3/C3met (mfi < 2.0). After incubation with EDTA-treated NHS or C3met, bacteria were analysed by flow cytometry using a rabbit anti-C3d pAb and a FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit pAb. Species NHS-EDTA (mfi) C3met (mfi) Moraxella catarrhalis RH4 8.7 22.1 M. osloensis <2.0 <2.0 M. bovis <2.0 <2.0 M. caniculi <2.0 <2.0 M. nonliquefacie <2.0 <2.0 N. pharyngis <2.0 <2.0 N. sicca <2.0 <2.0 N. flava <2.0 <2.0 N. subflava <2.0 <2.0 Oligella ureolytica (n = 2) <2.0 <2.0 Haemophilus influenzae (n = 7) <2.0 <2.0 Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 11) <2.0 <2.0 Legionella pneumophila (n = 2) <2.0 <2.0 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 2) <2.0 <2.0 Listeria monocytogenes <2.0 <2.0 Yersinia entercolitica <2.0 <2.0 Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3) <2.0 <2.0 Streptococcus pyogenes (n = 2) <2.0 <2.0 Streptococcus agalactia <2.0 <2.0 Enterococcus faecalis <2.0 <2.0 Helicobacter pylori <2.0 <2.0 Escherichia coli (n = 2) <2.0 <2.0 M. ovis <2.0 <2.0 M. caviae <2.0 <2.0 Neisseria gonorrheae <2.0 <2.0 N. meningtidis <2.0 <2.0 N. mucosa <2.0 <2.0

The different non-moraxella species were grown on appropriate standard culture media. M. catarrhalis strains were routinely cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) liquid broth or on BHI agar plates at 37° C. M. catarrhalis BBH18 and RH4 mutants were manufactured as previously described.[22, 23, 58] The MID-deficient mutants were grown in BHI containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin. The UspA1-deficient mutants were cultured in BHI supplemented with 1.5 μg/ml chloramphenicol (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), and UspA2-deficient mutants were incubated with 7 μg/ml zeocin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Both chloramphenicol and zeocin were used for growth of the UspA1/A2 double mutants.

Antibodies

Rabbits were immunized intramuscularly with 200 μg recombinant full-length UspA1 emulsified in complete Freunds adjuvant (Difco, Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany), and boosted on days 18 and 36 with the same dose of protein in incomplete Freunds adjuvant.[22] Blood was drawn 3 weeks later. To increase the specificity, the anti-UspA1 antiserum was affinity-purified with Sepharose-conjugated recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰.[58] The antiserum bound equally to UspA1 and UspA2 and was thus designated anti-UspA1/A2 pAb. The rabbit anti-human C3d pAb and the FITC-conjugated swine anti-rabbit pAb were purchased from Dakopatts (Glostrup, Denmark), and the goat anti-human C3 were from Advanced Research Technologies (San Diego, Calif.). The horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated donkey anti-goat pAb was obtained from Serotec (Oxford, UK).

Proteins and Iodine Labelling

The manufacture of recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹, which are devoid of their hydrophobic C-termini, has recently been described.[23] The truncated UspA1 and UspA2 proteins were manufactured as described in detail by Tan et al.[78] C3b was purchased from Advanced Research Technologies. C3(H₂O) was obtained by freezing and thawing of purified C3. The C3b-like molecule (C3met) was made by incubation of purified C3 with 100 mM methylamine (pH 8.0) for 2 h at 37° C., and subsequent dialysis against 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl. For binding studies, C3met was labelled with 0.05 mol ¹²⁵I (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England) per mol protein, using the Chloramine T method.[25]

Flow Cytometry Analysis

Binding of C3 to M. catarrhalis and other species was analyzed by flow cytometry. Bacteria were grown on solid medium overnight and washed twice in PBS containing 2% BSA (Sigma) (PBS-BSA). Thereafter, bacteria (10⁸ colony forming units; cfu) were incubated with C3met, C3b, C3(H₂O), or 10% NHS with or without 10 mM EDTA or 4 mM MgCl₂ and 10 mM EGTA (Mg-EGTA) in PBS-BSA for 30 min at 37° C. After washings, the bacteria were incubated with anti-human C3d pAb for 30 min on ice, followed by washings and incubation for another 30 min on ice with FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit pAb. After three additional washes, bacteria were analyzed by flow cytometry (EPICS, XL-MCL, Coulter, Hialeah, Fla.). All incubations were kept in a final volume of 100 μl PBS-BSA and the washings were done with the same buffer. The anti-human C3d pAb and FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb were added Separately as a negative control for each strain analyzed. In the inhibition studies, serum was preincubated with 100 nM of the recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ proteins for 30 min at 37° ′C. To analyze the characteristics of the M. catarrhalis and C3 interaction, increasing concentrations of NaCl (0-1.0 M) was added to bacteria and C3met. To analyze UspA1/A2 expression, bacteria (10⁸ cfu) were incubated with the anti-UspA1/A2 pAb and washed as described above. A FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit pAb diluted according to the manufacturers instructions was used for detection. To assure that EDTA did not disrupt the outer membrane proteins UspA1 and UspA2, M. catarrhalis was incubated with or without EDTA followed by detection of UspA1/A2 expression. EDTA, at the concentrations used in the NHS-EDTA experiments, did not change the density of UspA1/A2.

Serum and Serum Bactericidal Assay

Normal human serum (NHS) was obtained from five healthy volunteers. The blood was allowed to clot for 30 min at room temperature and thereafter incubated on ice for 60 min. After centrifugation, sera were pooled, aliquoted and stored at −70° C. To inactivate both the classical and alternative pathways, 10 mM EDTA was added. In contrast, Mg-EGTA was included to inactivate the classical pathway. Human serum deficient in the C4BP was prepared by passing fresh serum through a HiTrap column (Amersham Biosciences) coupled with mAb 104, a mouse mAb directed against CCP1 of the α-chain of C4BP.[41] The flow through was collected and the depleted serum was stored in aliquots at −70° C. Serum depleted of C1q was obtained via the first step of C1q purification [79] using Biorex 70 ion exchange chromatography (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). The resulting sera displayed normal haemolytic activity. The factor D and properdin deficient serum was kindly provided by Dr. Anders Sjöholm (Department of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden). M. catarrhalis strains were diluted in 2.5 mM Veronal buffer, pH 7.3 containing 0.1% (wt/vol) gelatin, 1 mM MgCl₂, 0.15 mM CaCl₂, and 2.5% dextrose (DGVB⁺⁺). Bacteria (10³ cfu) were incubated together with 10% NHS and EDTA or Mg-EGTA in a final volume of 100 μl. The bacteria/NHS was incubated at 37° C. and at various time points, 10 μl aliquots were removed and spread onto BHI agar plates. In inhibition studies, 10% serum was incubated with 100 nM of the recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ proteins for 30 min at 37° C. before bacteria were added.

Dot Blot Assays

Purified recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ diluted in three-fold steps (1.9-150 nM) in 100 μl of 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 9.0 were applied to nitrocellulose membranes (Schleicher & Schüll, Dassel, Germany) using a dot blot device. After saturation, the membranes were incubated for 2 h with PBS-Tween containing 5% milk powder at room temperature and washed four times with PBS-Tween. Thereafter, 5 kcpm [¹²⁵I])-labelled C3met in PBS-Tween with 2% milk powder was added overnight at 4° C. The bound protein was visualized with a Personal FX (Bio-Rad) using intensifying screens

Surface Plasmon Resonance (Biacore)

The interaction between UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ or UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ and C3 was further analysed using surface plasmon resonance (Biacore 2000; Biacore, Uppsala, Sweden) as recently described for the UspA1/2-C4BP interaction.[58] The K_(D) (the equilibrium dissociation constant) was calculated from a binding curve showing response at equilibrium plotted against the concentration using steady state affinity model supplied by Biaevaluation software (Biacore).

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Microtiter plates (Nunc-Immuno Module; Roskilde, Denmark) were coated with triplets of purified recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰, UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹, or the truncated UspA1 and UspA2 fragments (40 nM in 75 mM sodium carbonate, pH 9.6) at 4° C. overnight. Plates were washed four times with washing buffer (PBS with 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.2) and blocked for 2 hrs at room temperature with washing buffer supplied with 1.5% ovalbumin (blocking buffer). After washings, the wells were incubated overnight at 4° C. with 0.25 μg C3met in blocking buffer. Thereafter, the plates were washed and incubated with goat anti-human C3 in blocking buffer for 1 h at RT. After additional washings, HRP-conjugated donkey anti-goat pAbs was added for another 1 h at RT. The wells were washed four times and the plates were developed and measured at OD₄₅₀.

Haemolytic Assay

Rabbit erythrocytes were washed three times with ice-cold 2.5 mM Veronal buffer, pH 7.3 containing 0.1% (wt/vol gelatin, 7 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM EGTA, and 2-5% dextrose (Mg⁺⁺EGTA), and resuspended at a concentration of 0.5×10⁹ cells/ml. Erythrocytes were incubated with various concentrations (0 to 4%) of serum diluted in Mg⁺⁺EGTA. After 1 h at 37° C., erythrocytes were centrifuged and the amount of lysed erythrocytes was determined by spectrophotometric measurement of released hemoglobin at 405 nm. For inhibition with UspA1 and UspA2, 10% serum was preincubated with 100 nM of recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and/or UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ proteins for 30 min at 37° C., and thereafter added to the erythrocytes at 0 to 4%.

Isolation of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Phagocytosis

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were isolated from fresh blood of healthy volunteers using macrodex (Pharmalink AB, Upplands Väsby, Sweden). The PMN were centrifuged for 10 min at 300 g, washed in PBS and resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium (Life Technologies, Paisley, Scotland). The bacterial suspension (0.5×10⁸) was opsonized with 3% of either NHS or NHS-EDTA, or 20 μg of purified C3met for 15 min at 31° C. After washes, bacteria were mixed with PMN (1×10⁷ cells/ml) at a bacteria/PMN ratio of 10:1 followed by incubation at 37° C. with end-over-end rotation. Surviving bacteria after 0, 30, 60, and 120 min of incubation was determined by viable counts. The number of engulfed NHS-treated bacteria was compared with bacteria phagocytosed in the absence of NHS. S. aureus opsonized with NHS was used as positive control.

EXAMPLES AND RESULTS

Interaction Between M. catarrhalis and Fibronectin

M. Catarrhalis Devoid of UspA1 and A2 does not Bind Soluble or Immobilized Fibronectin.

We selected a random series of M. catarrhalis clinical strains (n=13) (table 7) and tested them for fibronectin binding in relation to their UspA1/A2 expression by flow cytometry analysis. High UspA1/A2 expression as determined by high mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was correlated to UspA1/A2 expression (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.77, P<0.05) (FIG. 1A). However, to discriminate between UspA1 and A2 expression was not possible with our anti-UspA1/A2 pAb. Moreover, the presence of UspA2H protein contributing to the binding was unlikely as the uspA2H gene was not found in the strains used in this study (data not shown).

Two M. catarrhalis isolates (BBH18 and RH4) and their specific mutants lacking UspA1, UspA2 or both proteins were also analyzed by flow cytometry. M. catarrhalis BBH18 strongly bound fibronectin with a mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 96.1 (FIG. 1F). In contrast, BBH18ΔuspA1 showed a decreased fibronectin binding with an MFI of 68.6 (FIG. 1G). Fibronectin binding to BBH18ΔuspA2 and the double mutant BBH18ΔuspA1/A2 revealed an MFI of only 10.7 and 11.5, respectively (FIG. 1H, 1I). Similar results were obtained with UspA1/A2 mutants of the clinical strain M. catarrhalis RH4. Taken together, these results suggest that UspA1 and A2 bound fibronectin and that the ability the bacteria to bind fibronectin strongly depended on UspA1/A2 expression.

To further analyze the interaction between fibronectin and M. catarrhalis, ¹²⁵I-labeled fibronectin was incubated with two clinical M. catarrhalis isolates (BBH18 and RH4) and their respective mutants. The wild type M. catarrhalis RH4 strongly bound ¹²⁵I-fibronectin while the corresponding ΔuspA1 mutant showed 80% binding of the wild type. In contrast, the ΔuspA2 and double mutant bound ¹²⁵I-fibronectin at 14% and 12%, respectively, which was just above the background levels (5.0 to 10%) (FIG. 2). Similar results were obtained with M. catarrhalis BBH18 and the corresponding UspA1/A2 mutants. Thus, our results suggest that both UspA1 and A2 are required for the maximal binding of soluble fibronectin by M. catarrhalis.

To investigate the bacterial attachment to immobilized fibronectin, M, catarrhalis RH4 and its corresponding ΔuspA1/A2 mutants were applied onto fibronectin coated glass slides. After 2 h of incubation, slides were washed, and subsequently Gram stained. M. catarrhalis mild type and the ΔuspA1 mutant were found to strongly adhere to the fibronectin coated glass slides (FIGS. 3A and 3B). In contrast, M. catarrhalis ΔuspA2 and ΔuspA1/A2 double mutants weakly adhered to the fibronectin coated glass slide with only a few bacteria left after washing (FIGS. 3C and 3D, respectively). Experiments with another M. catarrhalis clinical isolate (BBH18) and its derived mutants showed a similar pattern indicating that uspA2 was of major importance for M. catarrhalis binding to immobilized fibronectin.

The Fibronectin Binding Domains Include Amino Acid Residues Located Between 299 and 452 of UspA1 and Between 165 and 31 of UspA2

To further analyze the interactions of UspA1 and A2 with fibronectin, truncated UspA1⁵⁶⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ were recombinantly produced in E. coli, coated on microtiter plates and incubated with increasing concentrations of fibronectin. Bound fibronectin was detected with an anti-human fibronectin pAb followed by incubation with a horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti-rabbit pAb. Both recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ bound soluble fibronectin and the interactions were dose-dependent (FIG. 4).

To define the fibronectin-binding domain of UspA1, recombinant proteins spanning the entire molecule of UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ were manufactured. Fibronectin was incubated with the immobilized UspA1 proteins fragments and the interactions were quantified by ELISA. UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹ bound fibronectin almost as efficiently as UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ suggesting that the binding domain was within this part of the protein. Among the other truncated fragments, UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² efficiently bound fibronectin (FIG. 5A). In parallel, the interactions between fibronectin and several recombinant UspA2 fragments including amino acids UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ were analyzed. The two fragments UspA2¹⁰¹⁻³¹⁸ and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸ strongly bound fibronectin (FIG. 5B). Our findings provide significant evidence that the binding domains include residues found within UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸. A sequence comparison between these two binding fragments revealed that the 31 amino acid residues “DQKADIDNNINNIYELAQQQDQHSSDIKTLK” (SEQ ID NO: 1) were identical for UspA1 and A2 (FIG. 6). Moreover, this repeat sequence was also found in the uspA1 and A2 gene of M. catarrhalis BBH18 and RH4 (data not shown).

UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹ and UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² Fragments Competitively Inhibit M. catarrhalis Fibronectin Binding

To further validate our findings on the UspA1/A2 fibronectin binding domains, recombinant truncated UspA1 proteins were tested for their capacity to block fibronectin binding to M. catarrhalis. Fibronectin (2 μg) was pre-incubated with 0.25 μmoles of recombinant UspA1 fragments and subsequently incubated with M. catarrhalis. Finally, M. catarrhalis UspA-dependent fibronectin binding was measured by flow cytometry. Pre-incubation with UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹ and UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² resulted in decreased fibronectin binding with a 95% reduction for UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹ and a 63% reduction for UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² (FIG. 7). When fibronectin was pre-incubated with the truncated UspA2¹⁰¹⁻³¹⁸, an inhibition of 50% was obtained.

Thus, the fibronectin binding domains of UspA1 and A2 block the interactions between fibronectin and M. catarrhalis.

UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸ Inhibit M. catarrhalis Adherence to Chang Epithelial Cells

Epithelial cells are known to express fibronectin and many bacteria attach to epithelial cells via cell-associated fibronectin.[46, 54, 69, 77] Previous studies have shown that M. catarrhalis adhere to epithelial cells.[43, 49] We analyzed Chan conjunctival cells, which have frequently been used in adhesion experiments with respiratory pathogens. Chang cells strongly expressed fibronectin as revealed by flow cytometry analysis (FIG. 8A).

To analyze whether the UspA-dependent fibronectin binding was important for bacterial adhesion, Chang epithelial cells were pre-incubated with anti-human fibronectin pAb, or the recombinant proteins UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸. Thereafter, M. catarrhalis RH4 was added and bacterial adhesion analyzed. The relative adherence (measured by the number of colony forming units) after pre-incubation with 0.4 μmoles per 200 μl of UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵², UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸, or an anti-human fibronectin pAb were 36%, 35% and 32%, respectively. Higher concentrations of recombinant peptides did not result in further inhibition. In contrast, the non-fibronectin binding fragments UspA1⁴³³⁻⁵⁸⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻¹⁷⁷ did not inhibit the interactions between M. catarrhalis and the Chang epithelial cells (FIG. 8B). Thus, fibronectin on Chang epithelial cells may function as a receptor for M. catarrhalis and the amino acid residues 299-452 of UspA1 and 165-318 of UspA2 contain the ligand responsible for the interactions.

Interaction Between M. catarrhalis and Laminin M. catarrhalis Binds Laminin through UspA1 and A2

Two clinical M. catarrhalis isolates (BBH18 and RH4) and their specific mutants lacking UspA1, UspA2 or both proteins were analyzed by a whole-cell ELISA. M. catarrhalis RH4 strongly bound to immobilized laminin. (FIG. 9A). In contrast, M. catarrhalis RH4 uspA1 mutant (RH4ΔuspA1) showed a laminin binding of 89.9% of the wild type. AN catarrhalis RH4 uspA2 mutant (RH4ΔuspA2) and the double mutant RH4ΔuspA1/A2 15.2% and 18.1% binding capacity of the wild type, respectively. This was not significantly different from the residual adhesion to BSA coated plates. Similar results were obtained with UspA1/A2 mutants originating from the clinical strain M. catarrhalis BBH18. In these two strains (BBH18 and RH4), UspA2 is the predominant protein expressed as compared to UspA1, explaining the minimal difference in binding between the wild type and RH4ΔuspA1. Taken together, these results show that UspA1 and A2 bound laminin.

To further analyze the binding between UspA1/A2 and laminin, truncated UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ were produced in E. coli. Recombinant proteins were coated on microtiter plates and incubated with increasing concentrations of laminin. Bound laminin was detected with a rabbit anti-laminin pAb followed by incubation with an HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit pAb. Both recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ strongly bound soluble laminin and the binding was dose-dependent and saturable (FIG. 9B).

To define the laminin binding domains, recombinant. UspA1 and AZ spanning the entire molecules were manufactured. Laminin was incubated with immobilized truncated UspA1 and A2 fragments and followed by quantification by ELISA. UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹ bound to laminin almost as efficiently as UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ suggesting that the binding domain was within this part of the protein. However, among the other truncated fragments spanning this region, no other fragment appeared to bind laminin. The N-terminal part, UspA2³⁰⁻³⁵¹, was able to retain 44.7% binding capacity as compared to the full length protein. The shorter protein UspA2³⁰⁻³⁻⁷¹ showed a 13.7% binding capacity. (FIG. 10B). These results show that the binding domains include residues found within the N-terminals of both UspA1 and UspA2.

Interaction Between M. catarrhalis and C3 and C3met M. catarrhalis Outer Membrane Proteins UspA1 and UspA2 Inhibit Both the Classical and the Alternative Pathway of the Complement Cascade

UspA2 surface expression is crucial for M. catarrhalis survival in normal human serum (NHS) [1, 58], i.e., moraxella UspA2 deficient mutants are rapidly killed when exposed to NHS. We have recently shown that both UspA1 and A2 bind C4BP and thus might inhibit the classical pathway of complement activation [58]. To further shed light on M. catarrhalis interactions with the complement system, survival of UspA1/A2 double mutants was studied in serum treated with either EGTA with addition of MgCl₂ (Mg-EGTA) or EDTA. Mg-EGTA inhibits the classical and lectin pathways and thus allows separate analysis of the alternative pathway. In contrast, EDTA inhibits all complement pathways by absorbing divalent cations (Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺). The M. catarrhalis RH4 wild type survived after 30 min of incubation, whereas RH4ΔuspA1/A2 double mutant was killed by intact NHS after 10 min (FIG. 12). When the classical pathway was inhibited (NHS Mg-EGTA), the RH4ΔuspA1/A2 mutant survived for a significantly longer period of time as compared to NHS without any chelators, but not as long as the wild type bacterium. Furthermore, when both the classical and alternative pathways were blocked with EDTA, M. catarrhalis RH4ΔuspA1/A2 survived. A similar pattern was obtained with the M. catarrhalis BBH18 isolate and the corresponding BBH18 ΔuspA1/A2 mutants (not shown). In parallel, experiments with C1q and factor D/properdin deficient sera demonstrated that both the classical and the alternative pathways were inhibited by M. catarrhalis (not shown). Thus, M. catarrhalis, a pathogen that frequently colonizes the human respiratory tract, does not only counteract the classical pathway but also the alternative pathway of the complement system by the outer membrane proteins UspA1 and A2.

M. catarrhalis Absorbs C3 from EDTA-Inactivated Serum

C3b covalently binds to the surface of a microbe and hence induces the alternative pathway (FIG. 11B). To analyze whether M. catarrhalis can interact with C3, our RH4 wild type strain was incubated with NHS or NHS treated with EDTA. Binding or deposition (via covalent link) of C3/C3b at the bacterial surface of M. catarrhalis RH4 was detected by flow cytometry analysis with a polyclonal antibody (pAb) directed against C3d recognizing both C3 and C3b. Incubation of bacteria with NHS containing intact complement led to deposition of C3 (FIG. 13). Interestingly, when the complement cascade was inactivated in the presence of EDTA, the M. catarrhalis RH4 still bound C3 (FIG. 13A). Streptococcus pneumoniae that was included for comparison did not absorb C3 from the EDTA-treated serum (FIG. 13B). In contrast to pneumococci, M. catarrhalis thus bound C3 irrespectively of complement activation. The internal thioester of C3 is spontaneously hydrolysed in fluid phase to C3(H₂O). Thus, intact C3 or C3(H₂O) was the most likely forms of C3 interacting with M. catarrhalis. Since M. catarrhalis also binds C4BP [58], we wanted to exclude that C4BP was involved in the C3 binding and for that purpose we used C4BP depleted serum. M. catarrhalis absorbed C3 from the C4BP depleted serum to the same extent as to NHS (not shown).

Binding of C3met to M. catarrhalis is Dose-Dependent and Non-Covalent

Our experiments implied that C3 bound to the surface of M. catarrhalis irrespectively of complement activation. Therefore, we analyzed whether converted C3, which is non-functional, could bind to the bacteria. Native C3 was purified from human serum and treated with methylamine, which converts C3 to a C3met molecule equivalent to C3b without the capacity to covalently bind to microbes (FIG. 11C). Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the M. catarrhalis RH4 wild type strain efficiently bound C3met in a dose-dependent and saturable manner (FIGS. 14A and B). This interaction was not mediated by the C3a part of the C3 molecule since C3b and C3 (H₂O) also bound M. catarrhalis (not shown). The binding between M. catarrhalis RH4 and C3met was based to a large extent on ionic interactions as increasing concentrations of NaCl inhibited the interaction (FIG. 14C). Similar results were obtained with the M. catarrhalis BBH18 wild type strain (not shown).

To determine whether the binding of C3 is a general feature of all M. catarrhalis strains, we selected a random series of clinical isolates (n=13) and analyzed their capacity to bind C3met. All M. catarrhalis strains bound C3met as revealed by a flow cytometry analysis with an anti-C3d pAb. The mfi values varied from 4 to 39. However, S. pneumoniae and E. coli that were included for comparison did not bind C3met.

M. catarrhalis is a Unique C3 and C3met Binding Bacterium

To extend our analysis of bacterial C3 absorption from NHS, related moraxella subspecies (n=13) as well as common human pathogens (n=13) were incubated in the presence of NHS-EDTA. Interestingly, among all the bacterial species tested, M. catarrhalis was the only bacterium binding C3 in complement-inactivated serum (Table 9). All related moraxella strains as well as the other human pathogens were also analyzed for binding of C3met. In parallel with the C3 binding, M. catarrhalis was the only species that bound C3met. Taken together, M. catarrhalis has a unique feature to strongly bind C3 and C3met in a non-covalent manner.

M. catarrhalis Binds C3met Via the Outer Membrane Proteins UspA1 and UspA2

To determine the M. catarrhalis protein responsible for the C3 binding, we tested a series of bacterial mutants devoid of the outer membrane proteins MID, UspA1 and/or UspA2 [22, 58]. Interestingly, the binding of C3met was significantly correlated with Usp expression (FIG. 15). M. catarrhalis RH4Δmid bound C3met to the same degree as the wild type counterpart (FIG. 15A-B). The RH4ΔuspA1 mutant showed, only a slightly decreased binding, whereas the RH4ΔuspA2 was a weaker binder as compared to the wild type counterpart (FIG. 15C-D). In parallel, C3met binding to the double RH4ΔuspA1/A2 mutant was completely abolished (FIG. 15E). Furthermore, when the same experiments were performed using NHS-EDTA, the same pattern was seen (FIG. 15F-J). When normal human serum was used, all mutants showed similar amount of C3 on their surface since it was a mixture of covalent deposition and binding of C3 (FIG. 15K-O). Similar results were obtained with the M. catarrhalis BBH18 isolate and the corresponding BBH18 mutants.

To further analyze the interaction between C3 and UspA1/A2, UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ were produced in E. coli and purified. The recombinant proteins were dot blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane followed by incubation with iodine-labelled C3met. Recombinant MID⁹⁶²⁻¹²⁰⁰, which is derived from the M. catarrhalis outer membrane protein MID [59], was included as a negative control. A weak binding to UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ was detected, whereas [¹²⁵I]-C3met strongly bound to UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ (FIG. 16A). These findings were further strengthened using surface plasmon resonance (i.e., Biacore). UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ were immobilized on the surface of a CM5 chip using amino coupling and C3met was injected until saturation was reached. The K_(D) for the interaction between C3met and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ or UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ was 3 and 14 μM, respectively. In conclusion, we found that UspA2 was the major C3met-binding protein of M. catarrhalis, whereas UspA1 contributed to the binding to a lower degree.

A C3 Binding Domain is Located Between Amino Acid Residues 200 and 458 of UspA2.

To define the C3 binding domain of UspA2, recombinant proteins spanning the entire UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ molecule were manufactured. C3met was incubated with the immobilized full length UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰, UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ and a series of truncated UspA2 proteins. Thereafter, the interactions were quantified by ELISA. In agreement with the dot blot experiments (FIG. 16A), UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ bound C3met to a much lower extent compared to UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ in the ELISA (FIG. 16B). Among the truncated protein fragments, UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸, UspA2²⁰⁰⁻⁵³⁹ and UspA2³⁰²⁻⁴⁵⁸ efficiently bound C3met, suggesting that a binding domain was within the amino acid residues 200 and 458.

Recombinant UspA1/A2 Neutralizes C3 Activity

In order to in detail examine the role of UspA1/A2-dependent inhibition of the alternative pathway, a series of flow cytometry experiments was performed with bacteria incubated with 10% NHS or serum that had been preincubated with 100 nM recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹. Interestingly, a significantly decreased C3 deposition/binding at the surface of M. catarrhalis RH4ΔuspA1/A2 was observed when NHS was pretreated with UspA1^(sa-770) and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ (FIG. 17A). When the classical pathway was shut down with Mg-EGTA, similar results were obtained (FIG. 17E). Thus, the recombinant proteins UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷″ and UspA2³⁰⁵³⁹ absorbed C3 from NHS and inhibited deposition; binding of C3.

To determine whether absorption of C3 by recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ increased bacterial survival, the double mutant M. catarrhalis RH4ΔuspA1/A2 was incubated with serum supplemented with UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ followed by determination of the number of surviving bacteria. Mg-EGTA was included in the reactions in order to inhibit the classical pathway. Interestingly, addition of recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ to NHS prevented killing of the UspA1/A2 deficient M. catarrhalis (FIG. 17C). UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ was most efficient in inhibiting bacterial killing as compared to UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰. When both recombinant proteins were supplemented together, no additional inhibition of the alternative pathway was detected. Ten % NHS correspond to approximately 600 nM C3. To investigate whether more UspA1 molecules could neutralize the C3 activity, UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ and/or UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ up to 600 nM was added. However, higher concentrations of the recombinant proteins did not further increase the inhibition (not shown).

We also included an alternative pathway haemolytic assay consisting of rabbit erythrocytes and NHS in order to establish the role of UspA1 and A2 as inhibitors of the alternative pathway. NHS was preincubated with recombinant UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰, UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹, or both proteins together followed by addition to the erythrocytes. After 1 h incubation, the amount of erythrocyte lysis was determined. Interestingly, a significantly decreased haemolysis was observed when NHS was preincubated with UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ or UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ as compared to untreated NHS (FIG. 18). In parallel with the increased survival of bacteria in the presence of UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ or UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰ (FIG. 17C), preincubation with UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ alone resulted in a more efficient inhibition of the alternative pathway as compared to when NHS was preincubated with UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁷⁷⁰. In conclusion, recombinant UspA1^(sc-71)° or UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹ interfered with the activity of the alternative pathway due to their ability to capture C3.

In addition of being a key molecule in the complement cascade, deposited C3b and iC3b (inactivated C3b) target microbes for removal in the process of opsonophagocytosis. To investigate whether C3 or C3met that was non-covalently bound at the surface of M. catarrhalis could still function as an opsonin, a series of phagocytosis experiments was performed. M. catarrhalis was preincubated with C3met, NHS or NHS treated with EDTA followed by addition of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Interestingly, M. catarrhalis was not engulfed in the presence of C3met, whereas NHS strongly promoted phagocytosis (data not shown). However, when NHS was pretreated with EDTA, M. catarrhalis was not phagocytosed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Thus, C3/C3met was inactive at the M. catarrhalis cell surface and did not function as an opsonin.

Discussion

Interaction Between M. catarrhalis and Fibronectin

UspA1²⁹⁹⁻¹⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸ from the clinical M. catarrhalis strain Bc5 were the shortest fragments that still bound fibronectin. Interestingly, longer fragments encompassing the amino acid sequence found within UspA1²⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸ displayed a more efficient binding to fibronectin (FIGS. 5A and B). This may mean that these two regions represent partial binding domains or that the binding site is highly dependent on a specific molecular structure. UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸ share a sequence of 31 identical amino acid residues including the 23 residues “NNINNIYELAQQQDQHSSDIKTL” (SEQ ID NO: 85) (NNINNIY (SEQ ID NO: 86) sequence). This sequence contains the epitope for the protective monoclonal antibody (mAb) 17C7 for which there is universal reactivity. [2, 50, 30] In a mouse model, passive immunization with mAb 17C7 provided protection and improved pulmonary clearance of M. catarrhalis. [30] It is hence most interesting that UspA1/A2 fibronectin binding domains contain these residues and argues for the importance of this region in the pathogenesis of M. catarrhalis respiratory tract infection.

The fibronectin binding M. catarrhalis BBH18 and RH4 used in our experiments also carry the 31 amino acid residues in their UspA1/A2 protein. Most M. catarrhalis have a part of this sequence (i.e., the NNINNIY (SEQ ID NO: 86) sequence). However, strains like the O35E which has the NNINNIY (SEQ ID NO: 86) sequence in their UspA2 gene do not express a fibronectin binding UspA2 protein. [49] A likely explanation would be that the variations in the flanking regions might affect the interaction with fibronectin. Also, the conserved NNINNIY (SEQ ID NO: 86) sequence itself can have minor single amino acid base changes. [28] It is thus likely that fibronectin binding would depend not just on UspA1/A2 expression, but also on the individual makeup of each UspA protein. Interestingly, an almost identical amino acid sequence can be found in the hybrid UspA2H protein with adhesive properties M. catarrhalis TTA37 and O46E).[43] This give support to our findings that the 31 amino acid sequence is important in adhesion.

In our last set of experiments, we tested whether the adherence of M. catarrhalis to Chang conjunctival cells could be inhibited by the fibronectin binding fragments (UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁶) (FIG. 8B). Preincubation with UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵², UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸ or an anti-fibronectin pAb resulted in decreased binding to Chang epithelial cells. These results confirm the importance of these binding domains in the interactions of UspA1/A2 with Chang epithelial cells and further suggest that fibronectin is an important receptor for UspA. In addition, it is known that FnBP facilitate the adherence of bacteria to undifferentiated and injured airways.[54, 69] Fibronectin expression by lung fibroblasts is also increased by cigarette smoke extract.[87] The role of M. catarrhalis UspA1/A2 binding to ECM fibronectin or epithelial cell-associated fibronectin is thus of great importance in patients with COPD and may explain the common occurrence of M. catarrhalis infection in this group of patients. [40]

In conclusion, we have shown that UspA1/A2 of M. catarrhalis BBH18, RH4 and Bc5 are crucial FnBP. Both recombinant UspA1 and A2 derived from Bc5 bind fibronectin with a binding domain sharing identical amino acid residues including the conserved NNINNIY (SEQ ID NO: 86) sequence. Furthermore, an interaction of M. catarrhalis UspA1/A2 with epithelial cells is via cell-associated fibronectin. The definition of these fibronectin binding domains is therefore an important step forward in the development of a vaccine against M. catarrhalis.

Interaction Between M. catarrhalis and Laminin

M. catarrhalis is a common cause of infectious exacerbations in patients with COPD. The success of this species in patients with COPD is probably related in part to its large repertoire of adhesins. In addition, there are pathological changes such as loss of epithelial integrity with exposure of basement membrane where the laminin layer itself is thickened in smokers.[4] Some pathogens have been shown to be able to bind to laminin and thus may contribute to their ability to adhere to such damaged and denuded mucosal surfaces. These include pathogens known to cause significant disease in the airways such as S. aureus and P. aeruginosa amongst others.[7, 63]

We recently showed that both UspA1 and A2 bind fibronectin.[78] The fibronectin binding domains were located within UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸. In this study, the N-terminal halves UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹ and UspA2³⁰⁻³⁵¹ (containing the fibronectin domains) also bound laminin. However, the smallest fragments that bound fibronectin, UspA1²⁹⁹⁻⁴⁵² and UspA2¹⁶⁵⁻³¹⁸ did not bind laminin to any appreciable extent. In fact, fragments smaller than the N-terminal half of UspA1 (UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹) losses all its laminin binding ability whereas with UspA2, only UspA2³⁰⁻¹⁷⁰ bound laminin albeit at a lower level then the whole recombinant protein (UspA2³⁰⁻⁵³⁹). These findings suggest that perhaps different parts of the molecules might have different functional roles.

Comparing the smallest laminin binding regions of UspA1 and A2, we find that there is, however, little similarity by way of amino acid homology between UspA2³⁰⁻¹⁷⁰ and UspA1⁵⁰⁻⁴⁹¹ (data not shown). This is not surprising as it is a known fact that both proteins have a ‘lollipop’-shaped globular head structure despite having only 22% identity in both N-terminal halves.[2, 32] We postulate that a tertiary structure is likely responsible for the interactions with laminin in the head region in vivo. The localization of the binding domains at the N-terminal end would be logical as this would be most exposed and in contact with the human basement membrane in vivo.

Bacterial factors mediating adherence to tissue and extracellular matrix (ECM) components are grouped together in a single family named “microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules” (MSCRAMMS). Since UspA1/A2 bind both fibronectin and laminin, these proteins can be designated MSCRAMMS. Our results suggest that UspA1 and A2 are multifunctional adhesins with different domains interacting with different ligands in the respiratory tract. Similar broad-spectrum binding profiles have been reported for other bacterial proteins such as YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica for which UspA1 and A2 bear a structural relationship. [45, 70] YadA too binds both fibronectin and laminin. [32]

In summary we have shown that UspA1/A2 are crucial to M. catarrhalis interaction with the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin and this will play an important role in the pathogenesis of infections in patients with COPD. [74]

Interaction Between M. catarrhalis and C3 and C3met

Complement resistance is one of the most important bacterial virulence factors.[66] The majority (89%) of M. catarrhalis isolates from patients with lower respiratory tract infections are resistant to complement-mediated killing.[34] M. catarrhalis UspA1 and A2 are crucial for bacterial survival in human serum in vivo [1, 15], and we have shown that these two outer membrane proteins bind to the complement fluid phase regulator of the classical pathway, C4BP.[58] In the present study, we demonstrate that M. catarrhalis can inhibit the alternative pathway by non-covalently binding of C3 (FIGS. 17 and 18). The binding of C3 most likely also inhibits the classical pathway. This could, however, not be analysed in detail since M. catarrhalis also binds C4BP. Interestingly, the M. catarrhalis-dependent C3-binding is unique as several related moraxella subspecies as well as common human pathogenic bacteria do not bind C3 (Table 9). The interactions with C3 and methylamine-treated C3 are mediated mainly by UspA2, whereas UspA1 has a minor role (FIGS. 15 and 16). The C3-binding region of UspA2 was localized between the amino acid residues 200 to 458. This region contains a stretch of 140 amino acid residues that is 93 identical to a region in UspA1.[2] However, despite this sequence similarity, UspA1 binds C3 to a much lower extent. This might be due to a specific difference in conformation between the proteins. The discrepancy in the C3 binding of UspA1 and UspA2 stands in contrast to the UspA1/A2 interaction with C4BP.[58]

M. catarrhalis is equally resistant to both the classical and alternative pathways (FIG. 12B). The bacterium binds C4BP that inhibits the classical pathway [58] and in this paper we demonstrate an interaction with the alternative pathway through binding of C3. To determine which of these mechanisms that is of most importance for the M. catarrhalis serum resistance in various in vivo situations is difficult. For example, the importance of the classical pathway will strongly depend on history of infections with M. catarrhalis and ability to generate complement-activating antibodies. However, every mechanism providing protection from the complement is certainly beneficial for a pathogen. Since C3 is a key molecule in the complement system, the binding of C3 most likely results in regulation of all three activation pathways and may contribute the most to serum resistance.

The importance of the complement system as a primary defense mechanism is mirrored by the fact that microbes have developed various strategies to interfere with and/or neutralize components of the complement system.[42, 35, 88] In addition to M. catarrhalis, S. pyogenes, Bordetella pertussis, B. coli K1, Candida albicans, and N. gonorrhoeae express specific surface molecules that bind. C4BP and as a consequence protect the bacteria against the classical complement pathway.[8, 9, 52, 58, 64, 65, 80] in addition to inhibition of the classical pathway, several bacteria (e.g., C. albicans, N. meningitides, S. pyogenes, and S. pneumoniae; for reviews see [68, 89] bind factor H and factor H-like molecule and hence are partially protected against the alternative complement pathway.

UspA1 and A2 absorb C3 from serum and hereby most likely inhibit the complement activation. Similarly, the Pneumococcal Surface Protein A (PspA) appears to inhibit the alternative pathway both in vitro and in vivo. PspA is an important virulence factor for S. pneumoniae. PspA-deficient pneumococcal strains are readily cleared from the blood, whereas the PspA-expressing strains survive.[82] Furthermore, in a murine model of bacteremia, PspA-deficient pneumococci have a significantly reduced virulence compared with pneumococci that express PspA.[11] It has been demonstrated that more C3b is deposited on PspA-negative pneumococci than on PspA-positive.[67, 82] Thus, expression of PspA reduces the complement-mediated clearance and phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae by limiting opsonization by C3b.[12, 67] PspA-deficient pneumococci that are not virulent in normal mice become virulent in C3-deficient and factor B-deficient mice.[82]

To our knowledge, there are only two examples of bacterial proteins that non-covalently bind C3 and thereby interfere with complement function. The first one is the extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) of Staphylococcus aureus, which was found to bind C3b.[44] Efb inhibits both the classical and alternative pathways independently of the thioester conformation, i.e., the binding to C3b is non-covalent. The second example is the pneumococcal choline-binding protein (CbpA), which has been shown to bind methylamine-treated C3, suggesting a non-covalent interaction that is not dependent on complement activation.[16] CbpA is a component of the pneumococcal cell wall, but may only bind C3 when the CbpA is secreted. In order to test this hypothesis, which is not firmly established in the literature, we analyzed eleven different pneumococcal isolates for C3 binding (methylamine-treated C3 or NHS-EDTA) by flow cytometry (FIG. 12E and Table 9). No bound C3 could be detected on the surface of S. pneumoniae. When lysates of S. pneumoniae and culture supernatants were analyzed on Western blots using methylamine-treated C3 followed by an anti-human C3 pAb, we confirmed the results by Cheng and collaborators [16] (not shown). In the light of Efb and CbpA, which both are C3-binding proteins secreted by two Gram-positive bacteria, the Gram-negative M. catarrhalis is a unique species with membrane anchored proteins that bind C3 and inhibit the alternative pathway at the surface of the bacterium.

The yeast Candida albicans has been shown to bind C3b, iC3b and C3d. However, C3b is bound at a considerably lower affinity than iC3b and C3d. (29) We found a large difference between C3 binding to M. catarrhalis and C. albicans (not shown); despite that candida bound C3met (56% positive cells), the mean fluorescence intensity (mfi) was only <2.0 as compared to mfi 36.9 for M. catarrhalis. Furthermore, no detectable binding was seen when C. albicans was incubated with EDTA-treated serum. Two C3d-binding proteins have been isolated from C. albicans and the most characterized protein is a 60 kDa mannoprotein that initially was recognized by an antibody directed against human complement receptor 2 (CD21).[13] However, M. catarrhalis UspA1 and A2 were not recognized by a polyclonal antibody directed against CD21 (not shown). In parallel with staphylococci and pneumococci [52, 64], a secreted C3d-binding protein from C. albicans also exists.[172] Finally, a C. albicans iC3b receptor has been isolated and is structurally similar to human CR3 (CD11b).[3] The mechanisms by which these receptors may participate in pathogenesis are not fully known.

The above examples of C3 binding pathogens are notably different from M. catarrhalis in that these species often are blood stream isolates. M. catarrhalis is mucosal pathogen with rare instances of bacteremic infections. Hence, the binding and inactivating C3 most likely occur at the mucosal surface. This is supported by the fact that there is strong ongoing complement activation and consequent inflammation in disease state such as acute otitis media.[57] The complement proteins are believed to be transported to the mucosal surface due to exudation of plasma.[26, 62] In middle-ear effusions (MEEs) from children for example, strongly elevated concentrations of C3 products can also be found.[51] In addition, complement factors in MEEs fluid have been shown to be important in the bactericidal activity against other mucosal agents such as non-typable H. influenzae.[75]M. catarrhalis is a strict human pathogen. It does not cause diseases such as otitis media or pneumonia in animals. A mouse pulmonary clearance model and an otitis media model with chinchilla has been used at several occasions. However, neither otitis media nor pneumonia develops and bacteria are rapidly cleared.[19, 83] It is thus difficult to test the biological significance of bacterial C3 binding in vivo. Since UspA1 and A2 are multifunctional proteins [1, 15, 31, 43, 58, 78], it would be impossible to relate any differences in the clearance of M. catarrhalis to C3 binding. In particular the fact that UspA1 is an important adhesin of M. catarrhalis and binds both CEACAM1 and fibronectin [31, 78] would most likely affect the clearance. Nevertheless, due to the strong complement activation in disease states such as otitis media, moraxella-dependent binding of C3 may represent an important way of combating the mucosal defense.

The fact that M. catarrhalis hampers the human immune system in several ways might explain why M. catarrhalis is such a common inhabitant of the respiratory tract [73]. In conclusion, M. catarrhalis has developed sophisticated ways of combating both the humoral and innate immune systems. The present data show that M. catarrhalis has a unique C3-binding capacity at the bacterial cell surface that cannot be found in other bacterial species.

REFERENCES

-   1. Aebi C, Lafontaine E R, Cope L D, et al. Phenotypic effect of     isogenic uspA1 and uspA2 mutations on Moraxella catarrhalis O35E.     Infect Immun 1998; 66:3113-9. -   2. Aebi C. Maciver I, Latimer J L, et al. A protective epitope of     Moraxella catarrhalis is encoded by two different genes. Infect     Immun 1997; 65:4367-77. -   3. Alaei, S., C. Larcher, C. Ebenbichler, W. M. Prodinger, J.     Janatova, and M. P. Dierich. 1993. Isolation and biochemical     characterization of the iC3b receptor of Candida albicans. Infect.     Immun. 61:1395-1399, -   4. Amin K, Ekberg-Jansson A, Lofdahl C G and Venge P. Relationship     between inflammatory cells and structural changes in the lungs of     asymptomatic and never smokers: a biopsy study. Thorax 2003;     58:135-42. -   5. Attia A S, Lafontaine E R, Latimer J L, Aebi C, Syroaiannopoulos     G A and Hansen E J. The UspA2 protein of Moraxella catarrhalis is     directly involved in the expression of serum resistance. Infect     Immun 2005; 73:2400-10. -   6. Bartos L C, Murphy T F. Comparison of the outer membrane proteins     of 50 strains of Branhamella catarrhalis, J Infect Dis 1988;     158:761-5. -   7. de Bentzmann S, Tristan A, Etienne J, Brousse N, Vandenesch F and     Lina G. Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with necrotizing     pneumonia bind to basement membrane type I and IV collagens and     laminin. J Infect pis 2004; 190:1506-15. -   8. Berggård, K., E. Johnsson, F. R. Mooi, and G. Lindahl. 1997.     Bordetella pertussis binds the human complement regulator C4BP: role     of filamentous hemagglutinin. Infect. Immun. 65; 3638-3643. -   9. Blom, A. M., A. Rytkonen, P. Vasquez, G. Lindahl, B. Dahlbäck,     and A. B. Jonsson. 2001. A novel interaction between type IV pill of     Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the human complement regulator C4-binding     protein. J. Immunol. 166:6764-6770. -   10. Bootsma H J, van der Heide H G, van de Pas S, Schouls L M and     Mooi F R. Analysis of Moraxella catarrhalis by DNA typing: evidence     for a distinct subpopulation associated with virulence traits. J     Infect Dis 2000; 181:1376-87. -   11. Briles, D. E., J. Yother, L. S. McDaniel. 1988. Role of     pneumococcal surface protein A in the virulence of Streptococcus     pneumoniae. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10: (Suppl. 2):S372. -   12. Briles, D. E., S. K. Hollingshead, E. Swiatlo, A.     Brooks-Walter, A. Szalai, A. Virolainen, L. S. McDaniel, K. A.     Benton, P. White, K. Prellner, A. Hermansson, P. C. Aerts, H. Van     Dijk, and M. J. Crain. 1997. PspA and PspC: their potential for use     as pneumococcal vaccines. Microb. Drug Resist. 3:401-408. -   13. Calderone, R. A., L. Linehan, E. Wadsworth, and A. L.     Sandberg. 1988. Identification of C3d receptors on Candida albicans.     Infect. Immun. 56:252-258. -   14. Catlin B W. Branhamella catarrhalis: an organism gaining respect     as a pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990; 3:293-328. -   15. Chen D, Barniak V, VanDerMeid K R and McMichael J C. The levels     and bactericidal capacity of antibodies directed against the UspA1     and UspA2 outer membrane proteins of Moraxella (Branhamella)     catarrhalis in adults and children. Infect Immun 1999; 67:1310-6. -   16. Cheng, Q., D. Finkel, and M. K. Hostetter. 2000. Novel     purification scheme and functions for a C3-binding protein from     Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biochem. 39:5450-5457. -   17. Cope L D, Lafontaine E R, Slaughter C A, et al. Characterization     of the Moraxella catarrhalis uspA1 and uspA2 genes and their encoded     products. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:4026-34. -   18. De Saint Jean M, Baudouin C, Di Noifo M, et al. Comparison of     morphological and functional characteristics of primary-cultured     human conjunctival epithelium and of Wong-Kilbourne derivative of     Chang conjunctival cell line. Exp Eye Res 2004; 78:257-74. -   19. Fulghum, R. S., and H. G. Marrow. 1996. Experimental otitis     media with Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Ann. Otol. Rhinol.     Laryngol. 105:234-241. -   20. Forsgren, A., and A. Grubb. 1979. Many bacterial species bind     human IgD. J. Immunol 122:1468-1472. -   21. Forsgren A, Brant M, Mollenkvist A, et al. Isolation and     characterization of a novel IgD-binding protein from Moraxella     catarrhalis. J Immunol 2001; 167:2112-20. -   22. Forsgren A, Brant M, Karamehmedovic M and Riesbeck K. The     immunoglobulin D-binding protein MID from Moraxella catarrhalis is     also an adhesin. Infect Immun 2003; 71:3302-9. -   23. Forsgren A, Brant M and Riesbeck K. Immunization with the     truncated adhesion moraxella catarrhalis immunoglobulin D-binding     protein (MID764-913) is protective against M. catarrhalis in a mouse     model of pulmonary clearance. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:352-5. -   24. Gjörloff-Wingren, A., R. Hadzic, A. Forsgren, and K.     Riesbeck. 2002. A novel IgD-binding bacterial protein from Moraxella     catarrhalis induces human B lymphocyte activation and isotype     switching in the presence of Th2 cytokines. J. Immunol.     168:5582-5588. -   25. Greenwood F C, Hunter W M and Glover J S. The Preparation of     I-131-Labelled Human Growth Hormone of High Specific Radioactivity.     Biochem J 1963; 89:114-23. -   26. Greiff, D., I. Erjefält, C. Svensson, P. Wolimer, U. Alkner, M.     Andersson, and C. G. Persson. 1993. Plasma exudation and solute     absorbtion across the airway mucosa. Clin. Physiol, 13: 219-233. -   27. Hanski E, Caparon M. Protein F, a fibronectin-binding protein,     is an adhesin of the group A streptococcus Streptococcus pyogenes.     Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:6172-6. -   28. Hays J P, van der Schee C, Loogman A, et al. Total genome     polymorphism and low frequency of intra-genomic variation in the     uspA1 and uspA2 genes of Moraxella catarrhalis in otitis prone and     non-prone children up to 2 years of age. Consequences for vaccine     design? Vaccine 2003; 21:1118-24. -   29. Heidenreich, F., and M. P. Dierich. 1985. Candida albicans and     Candida stellatoidea, in contrast to other Candida species, bind     iC3b and C3d but not C3b. Infect. Immun. 50:598-600. -   30. Helminen M E, Maciver I, Latimer J L, et al. A large,     antigenically conserved protein on the surface of Moraxella     catarrhalis is a target for protective antibodies. J Infect Q is     1994; 170:867-72. -   31. Hill D J, Virji M. A novel cell-binding mechanism of Moraxella     catarrhalis ubiquitous surface protein UspA: specific targeting of     the N-domain of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion     molecules by UspA1. Mol Microbiol 2003; 48:117-29, -   32. Hoiczyk E, Roggenkamp A, Reichenbecher M, Lupas A and     Heesemann J. Structure and sequence analysis of Yersinia YadA and     Moraxella UspAs reveal a novel class of adhesins. EMBO J 2000;     19:5989-99. -   33. Holm M M, Vanlerberg S L, Foley I M, Sledjeski D D and     Lafontaine E R. The Moraxella catarrhalis porin-like outer membrane     protein CD is an adhesin for human lung cells. Infect Immun 2004;     72:1906-13. -   34. Hol, C., C. M. Verduin, E. E. Van Dijke, J. Verhoef, A.     Fleer, H. van Dijk. 1995. Complement resistance is a virulence     factor of Branhamella (Moraxella) catarrhalis. FEMS Immunol. Med.     Microbiol. 11:207-211. -   35. Hornef, M. W., M. J. Wick, M. Rhen, and S. Nozwark, 2002.     Bacterial strategies for overcoming host innate and adaptive immune     responses. Nat. Immunol. 31033-1040. -   36. Hostetter, M. K., M. L. Thomas, F. S. Rosen, and B. F.     Tack. 1982. Binding of C3b proceeds by a transesterification     reaction at the thiolester site. Nature 298:72-75. -   37. Hostetter, M. K., R. A. Krueger, and D. J, Schmeling. 1984. The     biochemistry of opsonization: central role of the reactive     thiolester of the third component of complement. J. Infect. Dis.     150653-661. -   38. Joh D, Wann E R, Kreikemeyer B, Speziale P and Hook M. Role of     fibronectin binding MSCRAMMs in bacterial adherence and entry into     mammalian cells. Matrix Biol 1999; 18:211-23. -   39. Job H J, House-Pompeo K, Patti J M, Gurusiddappa S and Hook M.     Fibronectin receptors from gram-positive bacteria: comparison of     active sites. Biochemistry 1994; 33:6086-92. -   40. Karalus R, Campagnari A. Moraxella catarrhalis: a review of an     important human mucosal pathogen. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:547-59. -   41. Kask, L., L. A. Trouw, B. Dahiback, and A. M. Blom. 2004. The C4     b-binding protein-protein S complex inhibits the phagocytosis of     apoptotic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279:23869-23873. -   42. Lachmann, P. J. 2002. Microbial subversion of the immune     response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 99:8461-8452. -   43. Lafontaine E R, Cope L D, Aebi C, Latimer J L, McCracken G H,     Jr. and Hansen E J. The UspA1 protein and a second type of UspA2     protein mediate adherence of Moraxella catarrhalis to human     epithelial cells in vitro. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:1364-73. -   44. Lee, L, Y. L., M. Höök, D. Haviland, R. A. Wetsel, E, O,     Yonter, P. Syriheys, J. Vernachio, and E. L. Brown. 2004. Inhibition     of complement activation by secreted Staphylococcus aureus     protein. J. Infect. Dis. 190:571-579. -   45. Mack D, Heesemann J and Laufs R. Characterization of different     oligomeric species of the Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane     protein YadA. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 1994; 183:217-27. -   46. Maheshwari R K, Kedar V P, Bhartiya O, Coon B C and Kang Y H.     Interferon enhances fibronectin expression in various cell types. J     Biol Regul Homeost Agents 1990; 4:117-24, -   47. McGavin M J, Gurusiddappa S, Lindgren P E, Lindberg M, Raucci G     and Hook M. Fibronectin receptors from Streptococcus dysgalactiae     and Staphylococcus aureus. Involvement of conserved residues in     ligand binding. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:23946-53. -   48. McMichael J C. Vaccines for Moraxella catarrhalis. Vaccine 2000;     19 Suppl 1:S101-7, -   49. McMichael J C, Fiske M J, Fredenburg R A, et al. Isolation and     characterization of two proteins from Moraxella catarrhalis that     bear a common epitope. Infect Immun 1998; 66:4374-81. -   50. Meier P S, Troller R, Grivea I N, Syrogiannopoulos G A and     Aebi C. The outer membrane proteins UspA1 and UspA2 of Moraxella     catarrhalis are highly conserved in nasopharyngeal isolates from     young children. Vaccine 2002; 20:1754-60. -   51. Meri., S., T. Lehtinen, and T. Palva, 1984. Complement in     chronic secretory otitis media. C3 breakdown and C3 splitting     activity. Arch. Otolaryngol. 110; 774-778. -   52. Meri, T., A. M. Blom, A. Hartmann, D. Lenk, S. Meri., P. F.     Zipfel. 2004. The hyphal and yeast forms of Candida albicans bind     the complement regulator C4b-binding protein. Infect. Immun.     72:6633-6641. -   53. Mollenkvist A, Nordstrom T, Haliden C, Christensen J J, Forsgren     A and Riesbeck K. The Moraxella catarrhalis immunoglobulin D-binding     protein MID has conserved sequences and is regulated by a mechanism     corresponding to phase variation. J Bacterial 2003; 185:2285-95. -   54. Mongodin B, Bajolet O, Cutrona J, et al. Fibronectin-binding     proteins of Staphylococcus aureus are involved in adherence to human     airway epithelium. Infect Immun 2002; 70:620-30. -   55. Muiphy T F. Branhamella catarrhalis: epidemiology, surface     antigenic structure, and immune response. Microbial Rev 1996;     60:267-79. -   56. Murphy T F, Brauer A L, Aebi C and Sethi S. Identification of     surface antigens of Moraxella catarrhalis as targets of human serum     antibody responses in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Infect     Immun 2005; 73:3471-8. -   57. Närkiö-Mäkelä, M., J. Jero, and S. Meri 1999. Complement     activation and expression of membrane regulators in the middle ear     mucosa in otitis media with effusion. Clin. Exp. Immunol.     116:401-409. -   58. Nordstrom T, Blom A M, Forsgren A and Riesbeck K. The emerging     pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis Interacts with complement inhibitor     C4b binding protein through ubiquitous surface proteins A1 and A2. J     Immunol 2004; 173:4598-606. -   59. Nordstrom T, Forsgren A and Riesbeck K. The immunoglobulin     D-binding part of the outer membrane protein MID from Moraxella     catarrhalis comprises 238 amino acids and a tetrameric structure. J     Biol Chem 2002; 277:34692-9. -   60. Nordstrom T, Blom A M, Tan T T, Forsgren A and Riesbeck K. Ionic     binding of C3 to the human pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis is a     unique mechanism for combating innate immunity. J Immunol 2005;     MS#05-2213, in press. -   61. Pearson M M, Lafontaine E R, Wagner N J, St Genie J W, 3rd and     Hansen E J. A hag mutant of Moraxella catarrhalis strain O35E is     deficient in hemagglutination, autoagglutination, and immunoglobulin     D-binding activities. Infect Immun 2002; 70:4523-33. -   62. Persson, C. G., I. Erjefalt, U. Alkner, C. Baumgarten, L.     Greiff, B. Gustafsson, A. Luts, U. Pipkorn, F. Sundler, C. Svensson     et al. 1991. Plasma exudation as a first line respiratory mucosal     defence. Clin. Exp. Allergy 21: 17-24. -   63. Plotkowski M C, Tournier J N and Puchelle E. Pseudomonas     aeruginosa strains possess specific adhesins for laminin. Infect     Immun 1996; 64:600-5. -   64. Prasadarao, N. V., A. M. Blom, B. O. Villoutreix, and L. C.     Linsangan. 2002. A novel interaction of outer membrane protein A     with C4b binding protein mediates serum resistance of Escherichia     coli K1. J. Immunol. 169:6352-6360. -   65. Ram, S., M. Cullinane, A. M. Blom, S. Gulati, D. P.     McQuillen, B. G. Monks, C. O'Connell, R. Boden, C. Elkins, M. K.     Pangburn, B, Dahlback, and F. A. Rice. 2001. Binding of C4b-binding     protein to porin: a Molecular mechanism of serum resistance of     Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Exp. Med, 193:281-296. -   66. Rautemaa, R., and S. Merl, 1999. Complement-resistance     mechanisms of bacteria. Microbes Infect. 1:785-94. -   67. Ren, B., A. J. Szalai, S. K. Hollingshead, D. E. Briles. 2004.     Effects of PspA and antibodies to PspA on activation and deposition     of complement on the pneumococcal surface, Infect. Immun.     72:114-122. -   68. Rodríguez de Córdoba, S., J. Esparza-Gordillo, E. Goicoechea de     Jorge, M. Lopez-Trascasa, and P. Sánchez-Corral, 2004. The human     complement factor H: functional roles, genetic variations and     disease associations. Mol. Immunol. 41; 355-367. -   69. Roger P, Puchelle E, Bajolet-Laudinat O, et al. Fibronectin and     alpha5beta1 integrin mediate binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to     repairing airway epithelium. Eur Respir J 1999; 13:1301-9. -   70. Roggenkamp A, Ackermann N, Jacobi C A, Truelzsch K, Hoffmann H     and Heesemann J. Molecular analysis of transport and oligomerization     of the Yersinia enterocolitica adhesin YadA. J Bacterial 2003;     185:3735-44. -   71. Rozalska B, Wadstrom T. Protective opsonic activity of     antibodies against fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs) of     Staphylococcus aureus. Scand J Immunol 1993; 37:575-80. -   72. Saxena, A., and R. Calderone. 1990. Purification and     characterization of the extracellular C3d-binding protein of Candida     albicans. Infect. Immun. 58:309-314. -   73. Schwarz-Linek U, Werner J M, Pickford A R, et al. Pathogenic     bacteria attach to human fibronectin through a tandem beta-zipper.     Nature 2003; 423:177-81. -   74. Sethi, S., and T. F. Murphy, 2001. Bacterial infection in     chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2000: a state-of-the-art     review. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14:336-353. -   75. Shimizu, T., T. Harada, Y. Majima, and Y. Sakakura. 1988.     Bactericidal activity of middle ear effusion on a single isolate of     non-typable Haemophilus influenzae. Int. J. Pediatr.     Otorhinolaryngol. 16:211-217, -   75. Tack, B. F., R. A. Harrison, J. Janatova, M. L. Thomas,     and J. W. Prahl. 1980, Evidence for presence of an internal     thiolester bond in third component of human complement. Proc. Natl.     Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77: 5764-5768. -   77. Talay S R, Valentin-Weigand P, Jeristrom P G, Timmis K N and     Chhatwai G S. Fibronectin-binding protein of Streptococcus pyogenes:     sequence of the binding domain involved in adherence of streptococci     to epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1992; 60:3837-44. -   78. Tan, T. T., T. Nordström, A. Forsgren, and K. Riesbeck. 2005.     The Respiratory Pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis Adheres to Epithelial     Cells by Interacting with Fibronectin through Ubiquitous Surface     Proteins A1 and A2, J. Infect. Dis., MS#33893, in press. -   79. Tenner, A. J., P. H. Lesavre, and N. R. Cooper. 1981.     Purification and radiolabeling of human C1q. J. Immunol. 127648-653. -   80. Thern, A., L. Stenberg, B. Dahlbäck, and G. Lindahl, 1995.     Ig-binding surface proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes also bind     human C4b-binding protein (C4BP), a regulatory component of the     complement system. J. Immunol. 154:375-386. -   81. Timpe J M, Holm M M, Vanlerberg S L, Basrur V and Lafontaine     E R. Identification of a Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane     protein exhibiting both adhesin and lipolytic activities. Infect     Immun 2003; 71:4341-50. -   82. Tu, A. H., R. L. Fulgham, M. A. McCrory, D. E. Briles, A. J.     Szalai. 1999. Pneumococcal surface protein A inhibits complement     activation by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 67:4720. -   83. Onhanand, M., I. Maciver, O. Ramilo, O. Arencibia-Mireles, J. C.     Argyle, G. H. McCracken Jr, and E. J. Hansen. 1992. Pulmonary     clearance of Moraxella catarrhalis in an animal model. J. Infect.     Dis. 165:644-650. -   84. Verduin C M, Hol C, Fleer A, van Dijk H and van Belkum A.     Moraxella catarrhalis: from emerging to established pathogen. din     Microbiol Rev 2002; 15:125-44. -   85. Walport, M. J. 2001. Complement. First of two parts. N. Engl. J.     Med. 344:1058-1066. -   86. Walport, M. J. 2001. Complement. Second of two parts. N.     Engl. J. Med. 344:1140-1144. -   87. Wang H, Liu X, Umino T. et al. Effect of cigarette smoke on     fibroblast-mediated gel contraction is dependent on cell density. Am     J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L205-13. -   88. Wurzner, R. 1999. Evasion of pathogens by avoiding recognition     or eradication by complement, in part via molecular mimicry. Mol.     Immunol. 36:249-260. -   89. Zipfel, P. F., C. Skerka, J. Heliwage, S. T. Jokiranta, S.     Merl, V. Brade, P. Kraiczy, M. Noris, and G. Remuzzi. 2001. Factor H     family proteins: on complement, microbes and human diseases.     Biochem. Soc. Trans. 30:971-978. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An isolated polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 6, 7, and 8, or, a hydroxylation product, sulphonation product, or glycosylation product of said polypeptide that retains laminin-binding properties.
 2. An isolated ligand consisting of a laminin-binding domain, said ligand consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 6, 7, and 8, a hydroxylation product, sulphonation product, or glycosylation product of the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 6, 7, and 8, wherein the ligand retains laminin-binding properties.
 3. A fusion protein comprising at least one ligand according to claim
 2. 4. An immunogenic composition comprising at least one ligand according to claim 2 or a fusion protein comprising at least one ligand according to claim 2, and one or more components from pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, vehicles, excipients, binders, carriers, or preservatives.
 5. A polypeptide, consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, or 8, or a hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation product of said polypeptide that retains the ability of binding laminin.
 6. A fusion protein comprising at least one polypeptide, hydroxylation product, sulphonation product, or glycosylation product according to claim
 1. 7. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is a hydroxylation product, sulphonation product, or glycosylation product of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, or SEQ ID NO: 8 that retains laminin-binding properties.
 8. The isolated ligand of claim 2, wherein the ligand is a hydroxylation product, sulphonation product, or glycosylation product of the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, and SEQ ID NO: 8, wherein the ligand retains laminin-binding properties. 